System of crop rotation of vegetable crops in field and country conditions
Types and types of crop rotations in growing vegetables.
Everything said below, refers to the field crop rotation, but the same scheme can be used in the country house, garden area.
The well-known Russian agronomist DN Pryanishnikov gave the following definition to the crop rotation: "A rotation is defined as a certain alternation of cultures in time with an appropriate alternation of them in space." In other words, culture, including vegetable, should be placed taking into account predecessors and the compatibility of crops.
First of all, it is necessary to study the relief of the site, the mechanical and chemical composition of the soil, its acidity, the time of development, the degree of dressing the soil with organic fertilizers, the degree and type of contamination and contamination with diseases, in particular, the soil structure, transport conditions, the degree of remoteness from a settlement, markets. An important issue is the personnel question.
For making calculations:
- establish the volume of cultivated crops in greenhouses and greenhouses, the need for seedlings,
- the number of outgrowing plants, the area under them, the ratio of early, middle and late vegetable cultures of open ground; plan the ways of growing the crop (seedling, seedless) and make a schedule for the operation of greenhouse-greenhouse, insulated (steam ridges, steam furrows, warm nurseries) and open ground, as well as storage facilities with processing plants;
- determine the soil treatment system taking into account its quality, mechanical composition, type of debris, etc., and care for it and growing plants;
- perennial vegetable plants (artichoke, rhubarb, asparagus (for the cultivation of asparagus read more here), sorrel, tarragon, horseradish, katran, etc.), as a rule, are allocated to the prefabricated wedge, and the areas occupied by them are still taken into account when drawing up a crop rotation for the planning of labor, equipment and equipment expenditures;
- they develop a change of cultures, taking into account the different ratio of individual crops to organic fertilizer and its kind (some crops yield the best yield for fresh organic fertilizer (for example, cucumber), others do not tolerate fresh organic fertilizers and should be placed in the field only for the second year after application this fertilizer (carrots, tomatoes, onions, etc.));
- outline the system of application of fertilizers (this system depends on the fertility and soil type, water regime, availability of organic and mineral fertilizers available to the farm, as well as the ratio of open and protected soil areas to biofuels and other factors);
- schedule the time for the return of vegetable crops to their original location;
- develop a system of measures to combat the contamination of fields, depending on the prevailing biological groups of weeds (root crop, rhizome, etc.) (alternation of crops, as well as time and conditions of soil cultivation), remembering that weeds, root crops, tomato, pepper and other plants in the initial period of growth.
The value of the precursors in the crop rotation is known (Table 1). Particular attention is paid to their choice for carrots, parsley and onions. They are sown in the early spring on the first exit to the site. The fields under these crops must be cleared of weeds. Therefore, the predecessor of carrots, onions and parsley should, firstly, not very deplete the soil, and secondly - early to release the field, so that you can perform peeling and timely plowing under the plains.
The best predecessors for these plants are: firstly, early potatoes, and secondly, early cabbage or cauliflower. A good predecessor is also a cucumber. All these crops should receive fertilizers in large doses. Since fresh manure is not applied to tomato, it, like the predecessor for carrots and onions, is inferior to cucumber, not to mention early cabbage and early potatoes.
The worst predecessors for carrots, beets and onions are root crops and late-ripening varieties of cabbage, that is, those vegetable crops that are harvested in late autumn (late October - November).
When establishing the alternation of vegetable plants in crop rotation fields, the fact that many pests and diseases develop on certain crops is taken into account. So, for example, cabbage and cabbage moth, cabbage moth, rape sawfly, cruciferous bugs, cabbage aphids are the most common on cabbage and other cruciferous plants (radish, radish, katran, horseradish). Big damage cabbage, radish is also caused by cabbage fly and cruciferous fleas. Common diseases of cabbage include fusorial wilt, vascular bacteriosis, mucous bacteriosis, etc.
The greatest harm to Solanaceous cultures (tomato, pepper, eggplant) is caused by cotton and tomato scoops, brown (rusty) tomato mites, Colorado beetle, bear and other soil pests. In some years these cultures suffer from greenhouse and melon aphids. One of the most common diseases of tomato is macrosporia. Big damage causes pillar - a viral disease that affects not only tomato, but also pepper and eggplant. There is also wilting Solanaceae. Its causative agents may be fungi and viruses such as stolbur.
Onions and garlic are most harmed by onion fly, tobacco (onion) tripe, root mites, etc. A very dangerous disease, especially badly affecting the testes, is downy mildew (peronosporosis).
Cucumber, watermelon, melon are damaged by spider mites, thrips, melon aphids, and during the germination of seeds and the emergence of young shoots - wireworms, false wires, sprouts, winter scoops and other soil pests.
The most common diseases of pumpkin are powdery mildew, bacteriosis, anthracnose (watermelons and melons are especially affected), fusarium wilt.
Therefore, one can not sow the same crop for several consecutive years in one place in order to avoid the development of diseases and pests.
The pathogens persist in the soil from 1 to 6 years. So, the downy mildew remains in the soil 1-2 year, the cruciferous crucifix is 4 year (so the fields of other cruciferous must be separated from the fields with cabbage for a period of not less than 4 years).
Potato and tomato have many common diseases, so they should not follow directly after each other: the gap between the planting of these crops should be 2-3 a year. It should not be planted tomato and potatoes in the same field, because in case of infection of potatoes with phytophthora it goes to tomato.
In the alternation or co-cultivation of vegetable plants, in some cases, the root offsets of some plants delay the growth of others. So. with the joint cultivation of radish with spinach, the latter lags behind in growth from the same species, which grows without the radish's neighbors. Similarly, spinach on the soil, which contains the root remains of table beet, grows poorly. Both species belong to the Marevy family. The same is observed when growing radishes in the area where there are remains of the roots of onions.
The period during which the cultures pass through each field in the sequence established by the crop rotation scheme is called rotation. The duration of rotation is usually equal to the number of crop rotation fields (in the seven-field rotation - 7 years, 8 six-field rotation - 6, etc.).
When compiling crop rotations, it is taken into account that vegetable crops are very diverse and their requirements for soil, fertilizers, irrigation and care during the growing season are different and sometimes even opposite.
Alternating crops should create conditions for the most rational use of nutrients in the arable and subsoil layers. Plants with deeply penetrating root system (pumpkin, etc.) alternate with plants with a superficially located mass of roots (cucumber, onion, radish, garlic, etc.). Plants - nitrogen fixers (legumes), enrich the soil with nitrogen, alternate with plants that do not possess this property.
The correct alternation of crops is an important link in the weed control system. Within the crop rotation, plants are grown that leave the area relatively clean from weeds (potatoes, cabbage, tomato, peas, alfalfa), which contributes to reducing the costs of growing vegetable plants that do not inflict contamination (carrots, parsnips, onions, garlic, parsley, ).
In vegetable rotations include at least 5-7 fields. This facilitates the placement of a large number of vegetable crops and the introduction of some forage crops into the crop rotation (alfalfa, corn, legume-cereal mixtures, etc.). Based on the biological characteristics of different species, two exemplary crop rotation schemes can be proposed (Table 2).
Alternation of cultures is the most economical, not requiring a special expense method for preventing many diseases and pests. In this case, the damage of plants to diseases decreases by 40-50%, and with the return to the same field through 3-4 years - is not observed.
In vegetable growing, it is possible to permanently cultivate the same crop for many years on the same land plot (monoculture). Pre-revolutionary farmers often obtained good harvests of cabbage, carrots or potatoes, cultivating them for decades on the same place. In modern greenhouse vegetable growing, a cucumber or tomato is placed in the same cultivation facility every year, conducting disinfection of greenhouses and through 3-4 year - replacing the substrate.
However, monoculture is possible only if at least two such conditions are met: the maintenance of soil fertility by applying high doses of organic fertilizers in combination with the removal of excess salts and other harmful substances from the soil with the help of moisture charging irrigation; exclusion of the possibility of accumulation of crop-specific pests and diseases on the fields through the implementation of a system of preventive and extermination measures and the absence of pests and diseases dangerous to culture in the area. Since these conditions are rarely created in the field, monoculture, as a rule, leads to a rapid (during 3 years) decrease in the yield of vegetables by 20-40%.
In this respect, an exception is made for tomato and potatoes, if it is possible to annually add semifinished manure or humus in the amount of 40-60 t / ha and more, as well as mineral fertilizers, depending on the availability of macronutrients. In addition, it is necessary to carry out basic and subsequent tillage of the soil in a timely and high-quality manner, observe the cultivation technology, and use quality seed and planting material. If the above conditions are met, other vegetables can be grown in monoculture, as long as there is no significant reduction in yields, product quality, accumulation of diseases, pests, increased debris, etc. In this case, it is advisable to divert this area to steam.
All vegetable plants for biological, botanical and economic characteristics are divided into the following groups:
- fruit: tomato, pepper, eggplant, cucumber, zucchini, squash, pumpkin, peas, beans, sugar corn, etc .;
- root crops: beetroot, carrots, parsley, celery, parsnip, radish, radish, etc .;
- onion: onion, shallots, leeks, garlic, etc .;
- tuberous: potatoes, Jerusalem artichoke, etc .;
- cabbage: white cabbage, red-headed, savoy, kohlrabi, colored, broccoli, Brussels;
- green annuals: lettuce, watercress, Peking cabbage, spinach, onion on pen, etc .;
- perennial: long-term onions, sorrel, rhubarb, asparagus, artichoke, tarragon, horseradish, katran, etc .;
- spiny duck: dill, coriander, fennel, tarragon, peppermint, horseradish, Katran, basil, savory etc .;
- champignon and others.
By taste and dietary qualities, a group of delicacies such as rhubarb, asparagus, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, sugar corn, peanuts, stachis, artichoke, early potatoes are distinguished.
For the steppe zone, the precursors of the main vegetable crops are listed in the table.
In the construction of crop rotations, the following characteristics of cultures belonging to different groups are taken into account.
So, fruit plants from the family With the seedling growing method, the site is occupied in May, and in uncultivated culture - in the first or second decades of April, depending on the weather conditions, the variety and other factors. The last harvest of seedlings tomato, pepper, aubergine - in September, bezrossadnyh - in October (before the early-autumn frosts). Removal of nutrients with harvest - medium (60-65 kg / ha / 10 t crop). These plants effectively use the aftereffect of fresh manure, introduced under the previous culture. But even more significant increase in the yield of tomato yields when applying organic fertilizer directly under it, especially in the Crimea, where the vegetation period is 182-199 days or more. The root system of tomato, pepper, aubergine, grown from seedlings, is located mainly in the soil layer 30-40 cm, individual roots penetrate to the depth of up to 0,7-1 m, when seedlings are grown up to 1,5 m (on light soils).
Potato often included in crop rotations with vegetable plants. It is better than other crops to cleanse the field of weeds and is therefore one of the best predecessors of onions and roots.
Cabbage requires the application of large (60-80 t / ha) doses of organic fertilizers and better than other crops pays off by their crop increment. Early cabbage early takes (25.03-10.04) and releases (in June) the field. Late cabbage with a seedling method is grown from the third decade of May and cleaned in October - November, depending on the variety. With a non-irrigated method late-ripening cabbage early (3-I decade of May) takes and late (in November) liberates the site. The mid-ripening and late-ripening varieties of cabbage in uncultivated culture have a deep retreat into sub-plow
layers of the root system. With the seedling method, the root system acquires a friable character and is formed in the soil shallowly, up to 40-50 cm, depending on its mechanical composition. Cabbage suppresses weeds.
Root vegetables from the Cabbage family (radish, radish, etc.), although they are weeded somewhat less by weeds than carrots, parsley, etc., it should still be placed in clean fields. Radish and radish have a short vegetation period (40-50 days from shoots to the formation of commercial root crops and 100-140 days before the seeds ripen) and occupy the field only in the first or second half of the season. In order that the causative agents of the keel and vascular bacteriosis do not accumulate in the soil, the cabbage is returned to its original place no earlier than in 3-5 years.
Plants from the family Pumpkin very responsive to the introduction of organic fertilizer, but also use its aftereffect well. They late (in May) occupy and early (in September) free the field. Destruction of weeds during their growing season is difficult. However, after harvesting, there is time to destroy a significant part of the stocks of weed seeds by peeling and cultivation. The roots of most melons extract a lot of moisture and nutrients from deep layers of soil and subsoil (up to 1 m and more), cucumber - mainly from the plow layer. Melons are affected by powdery mildew and anthracnose. Pathogens of diseases persist in the soil of 2-3 year.
Root crops from Celery and Cybele families in vegetable rotations, they are rarely fertilized with fresh manure. The root system of these plants is able to extract nutrients from sub-plow layers of the soil. Roots are usually early (in March-April) and late (October-November) release the field. They suffer very much from shading with weeds, especially after germination. Disease pathogens persist for 2-3 years. In table beet common pests with fodder and sugar beet.
Bow, as a rule, does not need fresh manure fertilizer, but its yield is markedly increased when manure is applied to the previous crop. For its cultivation we need pure soils from weeds. In the field, the onion is sown early in the spring, when it leaves the field for the first time, and in the winter podzimnih - in November. Harvest in the 3-th decade of August - September. Roots are weak, superficial. The total removal of nutrients from the soil is usually relatively small.
From plants family Legumes in rotations with vegetable crops a considerable area is occupied by a slides and a small one - beans. Peas are early (in March) sown and early (in June - July, depending on the purpose of cultivation) harvest. Beans occupy the field late (in the 3-th decade of April) and when cultivated on a scapula it releases it in July. Both these cultures are excellent precursors for all other vegetable plants.
Radish and early-ripening foliage (salad, etc.) crops are often grown in fields allocated for any other vegetable plants. Sometimes they are placed in rows of late-ripening, slowly growing in the beginning cultures and harvest before they are shaded by the main crop (parsley, carrots, onions, etc.).
In the structure of crop rotation with vegetable plants, fodder, cereals and some other field crops are very often included.
Perennial herbs - one of the best predecessors of melons, cabbage, tomato and cucumber. On the turn of the layer of perennial grasses root crops, cucumber, onions are not bad at all.
Annual herbs often used as siderates, which is particularly beneficial for the subsequent culture. They are good precursors of cabbage, carrots, beets, tomatoes and onions.
Winter wheat (well-fertilized) in crop rotations are used as a cover crop for grasses and as a precursor to melons, onions or tomatoes.
Properties of fodder roots as predecessors correspond to those of table roots from the same botanical family.
In farms specializing in onion cultivation, sometimes pure marrow is used as a precursor to this labor-intensive crop. After it, the costs of weeding weeds are minimized, which is especially important when growing seedling.
Depending on the specialization of farms and the specific weight of vegetable crops, the pairs are placed in special vegetable, field, vegetable fodder and fodder crop rotations in the structure of cultivated areas.
Rotations are usually mastered for 2-3 years. The crop rotations are considered to be the ones in which the distribution of crops along the fields corresponds to the adopted scheme and the boundaries of crop rotation fields are observed. For the development of crop rotations make up a plan or so-called transition table. It records in order the fields and their areas, the crops that have been sown in each field over the past two years. Then, in all fields, culture is planned for the first year of development, for the second year, the third, etc., until the crop rotation is mastered.
When drawing up a plan for the development of a crop rotation, the following procedure is observed:
- plan the development of new lands if they enter the fields of crop rotation;
- specify and record the crops that were sown last year under the harvest of the current year (winter, perennial grasses);
- place the most valuable crops (tomato, onion, cabbage, etc.) after the best predecessors;
- place clean or occupied steam (if it is provided), in the most contaminated fields;
- determine the field for sowing perennial grasses.
The plan for the transition to a new crop rotation is such that each culture in the first year of development is located after good predecessors. In addition, they make up a plan for technological operations (soil cultivation, application of fertilizers, etc.), which provides for a transition from the existing technology to the planned (progressive) one.
Twice a year (in the spring and autumn), they check and clarify the correspondence of the location of crops in the crop rotation indicated in the transitional table.
For the correct and effective development of crop rotations, the history book of fields is of special importance, which is intended for the systematic recording of all technological methods of growing vegetable crops, as well as their yield. Analysis of records in the book allows you to identify reserves of better land use, increase their fertility, overall productivity and increase yields.
Table 1. Recommended precursors for vegetable crops
culture |
Predecessor |
Tomato, pepper, aubergine |
Peas, beans, cucumber, onions, carrots, cabbage |
Cucumber, zucchini, squash, pumpkin |
Cabbage, tomato, potatoes, corn |
Cabbage white, red, Savoy, kohlrabi, color, Brussels |
Cucumber, potatoes, tomato, root vegetables, onion, corn |
Onions, shallots, garlic |
Cucumber, peas, early tomato, early cabbage, early potatoes |
Beetroot, carrots, parsley, parsnip, celery, radish, radish |
Cucumber, peas, potatoes, early tomatoes, early and medium cabbage, onions |
Early potatoes |
Cucumber, zucchini, pumpkin, onion, cabbage, root vegetables, corn |
Peas, beans |
Cucumber, tomato, onion, cabbage, root vegetables |
Table 2. Application of the scheme of alternation of crops in the rotation
N fields |
culture |
I |
Pepper |
II |
Early tomato + green onion |
III |
Cucumber + spinach (salad, radish) |
IV |
Early cabbage + late tomato |
V |
Early potato + Leek |
VI |
Courgette + Late cabbage |
VII |
Onion + vegetable beans |
I |
alfalfa (Medicago sativa) |
II |
alfalfa (Medicago sativa) |
III |
alfalfa (Medicago sativa) |
IV |
Watermelon melon |
V |
Pepper, aubergine |
VI |
Vegetable beans + cucumber |
VII |
Tomato |
VIII |
Early potato + alfalfa |
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Tell me, please, what can be put in place tomatoes and peppers?
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On plots of land, cottages and vegetable gardens it is desirable to apply fruit. The replacement of one group of crops with another protects against unilateral depletion of the soil and the accumulation of pests and pathogens in it.
Pepper and tomato can be alternated with pumpkin crops - zucchini, squash, cucumber, as well as cabbage: cabbage, radish, radish, daikon.
Feel good after the nightshade and carrots with beets. All these groups of plants belong to different families and have different pests and pathogens that can persist in the soil. They have different requirements for soil nutrition.
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I always knew about the need for crop rotation, but I still could not avoid mistakes. Somehow I overlooked that the ground under the potatoes, too, needs rest. The potato was located in one place from year to year, where it was convenient to process it with a mini-tractor. Although manure and other fertilizers were brought in regularly, I brought the soil to such a state that there was no harvest, but tears. Potatoes became less and less, plants were more often affected by phytophthora, wireworm, and Colorado beetle every year. The tubers grew unsavory, they were kept poorly. I tried to completely change the seeds, only a little, new varieties quickly degenerated.
It was necessary for 2 year to let the land under the siderates. In the first year, a plot of pea-oat mixture was planted, which was chopped twice a season. In autumn the plot was plowed, and the mustard was sown on 2. It was mowed several times, leaving a green mass on the ground, and in autumn everything was sealed in the soil. By 3, the year the earth began to "come to life", became friable, earthworms returned.
But 2 years of “downtime” of the earth is an extreme measure. Now my land plot has been planned so that it is possible to swap potatoes and vegetable beds every 3-4 years. This allows you to constantly use the land without draining it.
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In my opinion, it is better than all cultures to "prepare" the earth for carrots of cabbage.
It is this beauty, requiring high-quality nutrition, gets a large amount of compost, from which it takes nitrogen and leaves a lot of phosphorus and potassium-necessary elements for the development of carrots. Good predecessors for the red "damsel in the dungeon" are also tomatoes, onions, potatoes and cucumbers. Having a relatively small root system, they use mineral and organic substances for the most part from the surface layer of the soil, without depleting the deeper, which allows carrots with its core root system to organically develop. Hence it is clear that the undesirable predecessors for carrots are parsnip and celery with their powerful roots.
Another nuance that you should know when preparing a garden bed for carrots is that you can not use fresh manure. From it in root crops taste and form change. Carrots like the pereprevshie leaves of the same cabbage, cucumber leaves, introduced from the autumn peat, which makes the land softer and airier. He likes carrots, when next to her grow peas, marjoram, onions. The latter, by the way, frightens off a carrot fly.
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Pear, but not that
Jerusalem artichoke is a perennial plant, which is also called an earthen pear. Its tubers are underground, and the upper part is powerful stems 2 m high. They are used for feeding livestock, composting. Yellow flowers appearing in the second half of summer make the plant also decorative.
To the tubers were large, not green in the light, they need to hill. I do this at the end of July. If there were heavy rains, wait for 2-3 a day, so that the top layer of the soil is a bit dry, and I hustle the Jerusalem artichoke to the height of 10-12, see.
If there is no rain, I hibernate Jerusalem artichoke in the morning or a day after watering. I look on the ground. If it does not crumble, but breaks up into large wet clods, then I wait another day to dry out.
I remove Jerusalem artichoke in late September or even in mid-October, as he is not afraid of minor frosts - his root crops are in the ground. First, I cut the stems with a secateurs, leaving 10 cm from the soil level. Then I dig and take out the tubers. I select a few pieces for landing, which I also spend in October. After drying, the remaining tubers are put away for storage.
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How to deal with the cotton scoop that you mentioned above
It's a shame when the ripening harvest of pepper, zucchini, eggplant disappears because of the caterpillars of the winter and cotton scoop. They do not eat it as much as they spoil it. To sell such vegetables or use for food is impossible.
The main difference between the winter scoop and other scoops is the color of the hind wings: in males they are white, in females - pearl gray. The eggs are round, yellowish green, with a diameter of 0,5-0,8 mm. Track length 40-50 mm. Their color is from gray to pale reddish. Pupa is pale red. The first generation of butterflies starts flying in May (and until July), the second - in August-September. With the usual number of insects, in order to use insecticides less, it is enough to follow agricultural technology. Mass reproduction scoop originated
walks, when vegetables grow in one place without crop rotation, the soil is treated finely or does not cultivate at all.
Where the scoops are badly injured annually, pheromone traps are set before the period of their intended flight. They contain a liner with an active substance, the smell of which attracts males. They are glued to the surface of the trap and can not fertilize the female.
Traps can be installed from May to mid-September (they are effective at temperatures above 15 °), they are suspended at a height of 1,5-2 m from the soil surface. In this case, the bottom should be located horizontally. To protect against pests, it is advisable to unite with neighbors: traps from each other are placed at a distance of 150 m.
If there are a lot of butterflies, you can not do without special means. The plants are treated with insecticides Zolon or Talstar (no later than 30 days before harvest) or Bicol bioinecticicide (during the intensive flight of butterflies). To destroy the pest eggs during oviposition, scoops release a Trichogram at the rate of 10 pcs. on 10 sq.m. When 100 plants contain at least 10 caterpillars of a cotton scoop, an en-tomophage gabbroacon is released. This is a small insect from the order of the Hymenoptera. Female gabrobrakona naho; dit caterpillar, paralyzes it and lays on it up to 45 eggs. The larva feeds on the hemolymph of the caterpillar, leaving only its outer covers from its master.
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A few truck farmers manage to observe the fruit crop of vegetables grown. Some complain about the small size of the site, others just do not pay much attention to it. With this attitude to the earth, one should not expect much from it.
Growing vegetables of one family in one place for several consecutive years leads to a shortage of harvest. This is due to the damage of plants with the same pests and diseases, fatigue of the soil due to the accumulation of poisonous root secretions and unilateral removal of nutrients from the soil.
When preparing the fruit crop change in my own garden, I adhere to the following rule: I return the representatives of the same family to the old place not earlier than in three years.
Since the manure is now in short supply and it is not possible to fertilize the entire area every year, I grow vegetables in a four-field fruit change, i.e. on four sites. And plentifully I fertilize in the spring a site on which I place cabbage and pumpkin cultures.
In the first year, in the first plot, I plant cucumbers, pumpkin, squash, squash, late cabbage, where the land has been mangled. In the second section I place tomatoes, onions, garlic, pepper, eggplant. These cultures are less demanding on organics and grow well according to their predecessors. Lack of nutrition is compensated by mineral fertilizers. In the third section I place root crops, under which I bring only mineral fertilizers: carrots, beets, root parsley, parsnips. In the remaining area I plant potatoes, under which I bring organic matter in the fall, and in the spring - mineral water.
In the second year, I move the vegetables from the second section (tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, onions and garlic) to the first (after cabbage and pumpkin), root crops to the second, potatoes to the third (after root crops), and from the first (cabbage, pumpkin) I return to the potato plot.
In the third year, I plant root crops in the first plot. In the second section, potatoes grow, in the third - cabbage and pumpkin, and in the fourth - tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, onions and garlic.
In the fourth year, the first plot is occupied by potatoes, the second - cabbage and pumpkin, the third - tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, onions and garlic, and the fourth - root crops.
In the fifth year, the arrangement of vegetables is the same as in the first year, in the sixth - as in the second and so on.
When sowing or planting crops on the site, I try to place them on the best predecessors.
In order not to keep this information in my head, I maintain a journal where every year I make a crop chart indicating the type of plants planted and on what predecessors they are placed. It is very convenient.
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For some reason artichoke is undeservedly deprived of attention.
Although it is useful not only for those suffering from diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, hypertension, but also for quite healthy people.
Make friends with Jerusalem artichoke - and live without problems! ^
I remember my barefoot military childhood when we, children, always half-starved, attacked the Jerusalem artichoke thicket and gnawed it with pleasure.
Many years later, already at the pre-retirement age, I remembered about this universal medicine, as I became ill with diabetes. The analysis showed 10 mmol / L. There was weakness, disability, headaches. I knew from the reference books that diabetes can be successfully treated with Jerusalem artichoke, and it was eaten raw in 4-5 root crops a day. After three weeks, a blood test showed 4,6 mmol / L. Now to me 79 years, sugar in blood 5 mmol / l, pressure 120 / 80. So that's it!
In the autumn, when Jerusalem artichoke ripens, I dig it out, put it in boxes and fall asleep with wet sand. I keep in the cellar. The tubers of Jerusalem artichoke do not freeze in the ground even at high frosts. But the dug roots are frozen even in small cold, rot and become unsuitable for food.
Gardener should note that this plant, with abundant watering can grow to 3 m and crush any weeds. You can not plant it close to young fruit trees.
I recommend taking this valuable plant "into service" for everyone - both sick and healthy, because this sweet medicine cures 200 diseases. I wish everyone not to be sick until 120 years old!
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I read that Jerusalem artichoke is poorly kept. I want to say, this is not so. I'll tell you how I store it. In the middle of October I excavate, fall asleep in a cold shed directly to the floor, and from above I fall asleep with a wet garden soil at a layer about 10 cm, so that the tubers do not dry out.
In winter, the land is raked out and I take the tight, frozen tubers. At night, I put them in a cold room, but with a positive temperature (10-15 °). And by the morning the tubers are thawed, they remain bright, dense, alive. All through the winter I feed Jerusalem artichokes with milk goats. Goats eat it clean, so they have a shiny coat, and
they wear two strong goats. And in the autumn our goats continue to milk themselves, and even in October they give 1 l milk. And in spring, two months after lambing, according to 3 l (a cross between a simple goat and Za-Nen breed).
In autumn and winter we feed Jerusalem artichoke with chickens. Three on a coarse grater - healthy chickens with bright red scallops and shiny feathers. Even in winter, they continue to rush.
Everyone in our family loves Jerusalem artichoke: stew it in a skillet with cabbage and potatoes. I make a salad: on a small grater, rub the Jerusalem artichoke, carrots, chop the onion, I fill it with vegetable
oil and apple cider vinegar. Before preparing the salad, the stalks are carefully washed with my brush and I do not clean it, since silicone is found in the stalk peel.
Now we live in Moscow, and we have a summer cottage. I have long wanted to plant Jerusalem artichoke. Last fall, I dug up several bushes that grew from discarded tubers on the side of a ravine. There we have a local landfill: people throw weeds, and the land is fertile, but the place is shady but moist (next to the willow on the banks of the pond). And, despite the shadow in which Jerusalem artichoke grew, I dug up a bucket of large tubers. My soul rejoiced when I chose clean dense stolons, and the earth was a sight for sore eyes: on top there was black humus 5 centimeters, and then structural, lumpy clay - most likely the work of earthworms.
Some of the tubers were immediately planted in their garden: stolons are not stored for long without land - after a week they lose their germination. Part of it was dug for spring consumption, and the rest was taken home. I like raw Jerusalem artichoke - such freshness and a pleasant crunch! And the husband loves grated on a fine grater and filled with berry vinegar (if you put it in the refrigerator, then after 5-7 days it becomes sweet and does not spoil for a month).
To grow Jerusalem artichoke is easy. He is unpretentious, drought-resistant, is not affected by pests.
They plant it like potatoes: in a hole to a depth of IQ-12 cm with a feeding area of 70 × 70 cm in the southern regions, and in the north - 60 × 60 cm, since it is very photophilous. In the summer weed and spud. When she lived in the Rostov region, she dug ok-
September. With 3-4 bushes I get a whole bucket of tubers, especially a lot under the last bushes, which got more light. Plant better in the autumn, so that there was less work in the spring. If not, then in the spring: you can and tubers, and the earth's growth, and seedlings. If in the heat from time to time, abundantly watered and fed organic, the tubers grow large and even. And this is important for the preparation of salads, because the surface of the tubers is tuberous.
In the suburbs, planted tubers in one row through 50 cm along the fence as a stage decoration
because at the end of August they will blossom yellow flowers, like small sunflowers, and will not only please the eye, but also give nectar to bees, and in autumn it is very handy.
In the spring I plan to plant a bed to improve the structure of the soil and obtain a green shoot for mulching (Jerusalem artichoke easily tolerates breaking off shoots, only tubers will be small). Earlier at the pick of the harvest, I noticed that in the damp ground under the Jerusalem artichoke shrubs there were always 2-3 fat earthworms.