A complete classification of varieties and varieties of daffodils for both ornamental cultivation and agro-industrial cultivation on an industrial scale (for sale)

An ancient legend says: a beautiful young man, Narcissus saw his reflection in the water and ... could not tear himself away from him. He died on the banks of the stream from self-love. And at this place grew an elegant flower with a bowed head, which people called the daffodil. For many years he was shrouded in a haze of light sadness, foggy dreams, lyrical loneliness. No wonder one of the first species that settled in gardens and parks was called poetic. Over time, new daffodils appeared. Bright, colorful, funny, strong, they sparkled on the spring earth, like hundreds of sunbeams. And they found a different symbolism - joyful, life-affirming.

In order for people to enjoy the beauty of daffodils more and more often, the flower growers have to deal with more prosaic matters: to study the biology of plants, their agricultural techniques, methods of selection.

STRUCTURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF NARCISSES

Narcissus (Narcissus) refers to the family. Amaryllidaceae. It is known about 60 wild species growing on the Mediterranean coast of Europe and North Africa, as well as in England and Ireland. In the flora of the USSR, only n. narrow-leaved (N. angustifolius). We have it common in the Carpathians and Transcarpathia. It is listed in the Red Data Book of the USSR as a rare species located on the outskirts of the range.

Daffodils dwell in light damp hardwood mountain forests, as well as in wet meadows, reaching the subalpine belt.

These are bulbous plants with 2-4 linear leaves assembled in a bundle, and an elongated leafless peduncle surrounded by a filmy vagina. The bulb is perennial, with thin brown covering scales. The young single-vertebral has a round or bottle-shaped shape; over the years, its construction becomes more complicated, it becomes two- and then three-vertex.

Reserve scales live for several years, gradually dying off and turning into coverts. Due to the growth of the grass roots, as well as the bases of green leaves and peduncles, the number of new stocking scales and the size of the bulb increases.

The roots of daffodils Every year they die, new ones are formed to replace them. In addition to the usual, subordinate, there are also retractors, which serve to penetrate the bulb. Their life expectancy is low - 2-3 months.

Together with the old scales, the corresponding part of the donkey dies out, daughter bulbs are released.

Flowers large or medium-sized, solitary, less often collected in umbellate inflorescences, drooping or erect, with a pleasant, sometimes very strong smell. Perianth white, yellow or cream, with six lobes (in the everyday life they are called petals). The fused outgrowths of the lobes form a prince (crown or tube) of different heights, diameter, shape and color. Ovary lower. Stigma capitate almost trilobate. The fruit is a fleshy three-leafed box, the seeds are numerous black, shiny. smooth.

Plant plants mostly daughter bulbs. The coefficient of reproduction varies in varieties from 1,2 to 4,5. When reproducing from seeds, small-flowered daffodils bloom on 3-4-th year, and large-flowered - on 5-7-th. Vegetation period lasts 3-5 months.

Daffodils bloom in the middle lane in late April - May. The timing of flowering depends on the variety and the amount of average daily positive air temperatures. For the early ones, this is 250 s, for the rest - more than 300 (at this time the daytime temperature is set at about 18 °). Flowering lasts 1 to 3 weeks, its productivity ranges from 150 to 300%.

Garden forms of daffodils are obtained as a result of long selection. It began in the 18th century and reached its peak in our time. There are more than 12 thousand varieties. According to a single international classification, they are divided into 12 groups (see the figure):

1. Tubular (Trumpet) - the crown is long, in the form of a tube, exceeds the length of the petals or is equal to them.
2. Coarse-grained (Long-cupped) - the crown is tubular or funnel-prominent, with a height greater than 1 / 3 length of the petals.
3. Small crustaceans (Short-cupped) - a crown with a height of no more than 2 / 3 petals.
4. Terry (Double) - here are varieties of very different structure and origin with double flowers.
5. Triangular (Triandrus) - obtained from hybridization n. three-springs with garden narcissuses. Small plants, flowers are collected in umbellate inflorescences in 2-4 pcs. on the peduncle.
6. Cyclamenoid (Cyclamineus) - from n. cycloid-shaped, flowers with a long crown and strongly bent back petals.
7. Jonquillian (Jonquilla) - from n. jonquil, flowers are small, very fragrant, according to 2-3 pcs. on the peduncle.
8. Tatsetnye (Tazetta) - from n. bouquet, flowers of medium size, fragrant, up to 12 on the peduncle.
9. Poetic (Poeticus) - from n. poetic, white flowers, fragrant, solitary, with a short crown.
10. Wild species, their forms and natural hybrids (Species and wild forms and wild hybrids).
11. Cut-to-edge (Split-corona) - the crown is divided into lobes.
12. All other, not included in the previous groups (Miscellaneous).

ASSORTMENT OF NARCISSES

Among ornamental bulbous narcissi, they occupy one of the leading places, yielding only tulips for the variety of the color of the flower. The fascination with this culture began in the XIX century, when in England, numerous hybrids between tubular and coarse-grained narcissuses were obtained.

Modern varieties are complex hybrids, many of them are polyploids and are characterized by a large flower and a powerful prince (or crown). The attention of breeders is aimed at bringing out more stable and productive plants that reproduce well, capable of early forcing.

The largest number of varieties (49,5%) refers to the Large-Cored, followed by the Tubular (22,8%) and Small-Crowned (12,8%).

The main botanical garden of the USSR AS since the distant 1947 year. introduces and sorts these daffodils. The work is carried out on the collection site, where large, uniform bulbs are planted. This allows you to keep observations and records from the moment the plants arrive. Their collection includes:

• 265 Large-crowned varieties,
• 86 - Tubular,
• 47 - Small-crested,
• 34 - Cut-to-
• 26 - Terry,
• 26 - from all other groups.

Comparative variety studies last at least 3 years. A special detailed technique allows us to evaluate the decorative and some economic and biological characteristics. In 1982, the GBS of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR singled out and recommended 50 the best daffodils for industrial use.

Practically in the nowadays non-existent USSR, 226 varieties registered in the international list of 1972-1977 have been studied. Of these, the best were chosen according to the decorative and economic-biological features - with a strong development, large flowers, a dense texture of the perianth lobes, and high sturdy peduncles. Plants do not freeze out in the open ground, the flowering productivity is 150-250%, the coefficient of vegetative propagation is not less than 2,2.

Tubular varieties of daffodils (1)

• Tandrbolt1, 1975. Flower (diameter 11 cm) with yellow petals (perianth stakes), the tube is intensely red, slightly flammable.
• El Captain, 1972. The flower (up to 13 cm) is pointing upwards, the petals are white, the tube is yellow, it dissolves in early May.

Coarse-grained varieties of daffodils (2)

• Ringlider, 1972. Flower (8,5 cm) with white petals, crown funnel-prominent, orange-yellow, corrugated at the edge, with a red border.
• Boa, 1977. Flower (10 cm) of unusual contrasting color: white petals, yellow crown with orange corrugated edge.
• Kentucky Cardinal, 1966. Flower (11 cm) with white petals and a yellow crown, but the whole plant is more powerful.
• Antea 1975. Flower (9 cm) with wide oval white petals, crown wide yellow-orange with corrugated bright edge.

Coarse-grained varieties of daffodils with a pink crown

• Royal Commander, 1978. Flower (up to 10 cm) with white petals, crown is tubular, bright pink, on the rim is notched.
• Prekoches, 1976. Flower (10 cm) with white petals, crown flat, dark pink (6 cm), corrugated at the edges ..
• Pasteline, 1979. Flower (9 cm) with white petals, crown broadly sculpiform, pink, darker at the edge.
• Shi 1978. Flower (8,5 cm) with white petals, crown is cup-shaped, at the rim is notched, dark pink.

Small-crusted (3)

• State Fair 1977. Flower (10 cm) with lemon-yellow petals, crown wide, flat, yellow, has a bright red corrugated edge.

Terry (4)

• New varieties of this group favorably differ from old ones with more compact flowers on sturdy peduncles. The outer circle of the perianth is composed of. 6 broadly oval dense texture, following - from narrow, bright, contrasting color (yellow, orange, red).
• Odds Oi 1975. Flower (8,5 cm) with white outer petals and internal red.
• Outer Space, 1974. Flower (9 cm) fragrant, outer petals of ivory, internal - white and red.
• Celebration, 1975. The flower (8,5 cm) is compact, with yellow outer and orange inner petals. Dissolves late (10-12 may).

VARIETY OF NARCISS FOR FLORAL FARMS AND FIRMS (INDUSTRIAL GROWING AND DIVORCING).

For two decades, in the Research Institute of Mountain Horticulture and Floriculture (Sochi), about 200 varieties of daffodils from different groups have been studied. The work is conducted according to the methodology of state testing. The assortment for industrial floriculture is proposed, which contains the best early, middle and late varieties (the flowering dates are indicated for the conditions of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus). It covers almost all typical colors. Dedicated narcissi can be used to obtain cuttings, flower decorations in the open ground, where the vegetation period lasts from 104 to 140 days, and also for greenhouse and under film shelter.

Tubular varieties of daffodils (1)

Kingscourt. The flower has yellow petals (parts of the perianth) of very regular shape (up to 10 cm in diameter, a crown of height 4,5 cm, diameter 4 cm - darker, with a slightly corrugated margin, a flower stem up to 34 cm.

Early, blossoms in the first-second decade of March 16-20 days. Vegetation lasts 104-120 days. Flowering productivity 196%; multiplication factor 2,4; output of commodity bulbs 174%. Defects in the vegetation period and during storage up to 10%. The total score of 83 points.

Suare. Flower (up to 11 cm) with white petals overlapping each other; crown of height 4,5 cm, diameter 5 cm, cream, burns with time. Has a very wide mouth and a bent corrugated edge, a strong stems to 35 cm.

Early, blooms from the second decade of March 18-22 days. Vegetation 110-129 days. Flowering productivity 261%; multiplication factor 2,2; output of commodity bulbs 198%. Affectability 29%. Score 81 score.

Forsyth. Flower (up to 8 cm) with white, overlapping petals; crown canary yellow in height 3,5 cm, diameter 4 cm, with wide mouth and bent corrugated edge; tsvetonos up to 30 see

Early, blooms from the third decade of February 20-25 days. Energizes 110-137 days. Flowering productivity 213%; multiplication factor 2,5; output of commodity bulbs 170%. Affectability 9%. Score 80 points.

Straight. Flower (up to 12 cm) with white petals; crown yellow in height 4,5 cm, diameter 4 cm; tsvetonos up to 40 see

Late, blooms from the third decade of March 18-20 days. Enlarges 107-121 day. Flowering productivity 182%; multiplication factor 1,7; output of commodity bulbs 167%. Affectability 27%.

Coarse-grained varieties of daffodils (2)

Option. Flower (up to 10 cm) with bright yellow petals overlapping each other; crown (height 3 cm, diameter 5,5 cm) funnel-shaped, bright orange; tsvetonos up to 32 see

Early, blooms from the first-second decade of March 15-17 days. Enlarges 130-140 days. Flowering productivity 184%;

The multiplication factor is 1,8; output of commodity bulbs 161%. Affectability up to 19%. Score 80 points.

Mary Bohanon. The flower (up to 9 cm) has yellow rounded petals overlapping each other; crown (height 3 cm, diameter 3,5 cm) tube-prominent, light orange, darker at the edge; tsvetonos up to 38 see

Early, blooms from the first decade of March 18-20 days. Enlarges 124-136 days. Flowering productivity 208%, multiplication factor 2,5; output of commodity bulbs 170%. Affectability up to 3%. Score 90 points.

Elton Leggett. Flower (up to 14,5 cm) with white petals; crown (height and diameter 6 cm) wide-flute, strongly corrugated, dark yellow; tsvetonos up to 45 cm, durable. The average flowering period is from the second decade of March, 16-18 days. Enlarges 124-133 days. Flowering productivity 206%; multiplication factor 2,0; output of commodity bulbs 176%. Affectability up to 7%. Score 86 points.

Curly .. The flower (up to 8,5 cm) has light cream, yellow at the base, rounded, loosely adhering to each other, the petals inclined towards the crown; crown (height 2 cm, diameter 5 cm) light yellow, cup-shaped, stronglymachine, indented, with 2-3 rows of outgrowths; tsvetonos up to 42 see

Late, blooms from the third decade of March 15-18 days. Enlarges 107-110 days. Flowering productivity 246%; multiplication factor 3,1; output of commodity bulbs 275%. Affectability up to 15%. Score 82 points.

Largo. The flower (up to 9 cm) has yellow, rounded, overlapping petals unevenly bent outwards; crown (height 2 cm, diameter 4 cm) yellow, saucer-shaped, indented at the edge; tsvetonos up to 48 see

Late, blooms from the third decade of March 20-25 days. Enlarges 106-141 day. Flowering productivity 308%; multiplication factor 4,1; output of commodity bulbs 221%. Affectability up to 6%. Score 85 points.

Kilworth. Flower (up to 10 cm) with white, at the base of yellow petals; crown (height 2,5 cm, diameter 3,5 cm), light orange, darker at the edge, campanulate; tsvetonos up to 46 cm, thin.

Late, blooms from the first decade of April 16-18 days. Enlarges 99-130 days. Flowering productivity 185%; multiplication factor 2,3; output of commodity bulbs 138%. Affectability up to 14,5%. Score 80 points.

Kereisvill. Flower (up to 12 cm) with white petals, crown (height 3,5 cm, diameter 4 cm) first yellow, later pale, along the edge with a pinkish bloom; tsvetonos up to 51 see

The average flowering period is from the second decade of March, 18-20 days. Enlarges 150-173 days. Flowering productivity 181%; multiplication factor 2,0; output of commodity bulbs 168%. Affectability up to 7%. Score 81 score.

Orange Progress. The flower (up to 11,7 cm) with yellow petals is not so irregularly shaped, the inner ones are bent to the crown, it is very large (height and diameter 4 cm), tubular, light orange, above - brighter, corrugated. Tsvetonos up to 44 cm, durable.

The average flowering period is from the second decade of March, 19-22 days. Enlarges 140-163 days. Flowering productivity 210%; multiplication factor 2,2; output of commodity bulbs 175%. Probability to 3%. Score 89 points.

Raschlite. The flower (up to 10 cm) has light yellow patches with whitish patches, overlapping one another; crown (height 3,5 cm, diameter 4 cm) light yellow, tubular; tsvetonos 35 see

Early, blooms from the first decade of March 22-26 days. Enlarges 120-134 days. Flowering productivity 270%; multiplication factor 3,5; output of commodity bulbs 165%. Affectability up to 9%. Score 80 points.

Sweet Harmony. Flower (up to 11 cm) with white overlapping petals; crown (height 3 cm, diameter 4 cm), light cream, with a wide yellow border along the edge, tubular; tsvetonos up to 38 see

Late, blooms from the third decade of March 18-22 days. Enlarges 130-142 days. Flowering productivity 220%; multiplication factor 2,1; output of commodity bulbs 180%. Affectability up to 6%. Score 84 points.

Salome. The flower (up to 9,5 cm) has white petals, the outer ones are of regular shape, the inner ones are somewhat folded; crown (height 3,4 cm, diameter 3,2 cm) pink, with a green base and a darker margin, tubular, flower-bud 32 see.

Late, blooms from the first decade of April 20-24 days. Energizes 130-140 days. Flowering productivity 175%; multiplication factor 1,9; output of commodity bulbs 156%. Affectability up to 6%. Score 85 points.

Tinker. The flower (up to 8,5 cm) has bright yellow petals, the inner ones are somewhat bent toward the crown, the outer ones are spread out; crown (height 2,5 cm, diameter 2,3 cm) dark orange, campanulate, corrugated. naya; tsvetonos 41 see

The average flowering period is from the second decade of March, 14-16 days. It grows 136-142 days. Flowering productivity 180%; multiplication factor 2,3; yield of commodity bulbs 109%. Affectability up to 19%. Score 80 points.

Hercules. Flower (up to 9,5 cm) with white petals directed towards the crown; crown (height 3,5 cm, diameter 4,5 cm) dark yellow, with orange strokes, broadly scalloped, cut along the edge; tsvetonos up to 34 see

Early, blooms from the first decade of March 14-18 days. Enlarges 102-118 days. Flowering productivity 196%; multiplication factor 2,0; output of commodity bulbs 110%. Affectability up to 9%. Score 80 points.

Small-crowned varieties (3)

The Amor. The flower (up to 11 cm) has slightly creamy petals, which eventually burn out and become white; crown (height 2,4 cm, diameter 5,5 cm) yellow with orange border, broadly cup-shaped, with corrugated margin; tsvetonos up to 40 see

The average flowering period is from the second-third decade of March, 18-22 days. It is running 120-130 days. Flowering productivity 241%; multiplication factor 2,5; output of commodity bulbs 163%. Affectability 3%. Score 90 points.

Cutted-root varieties (11)

Dolly Mollinger. It has white rounded very regular shaped petals, overlapping each other; flower (up to 11 cm), crown (diameter 5 cm, height 2 cm) white with light orange spots, eventually fades, from 6 separate outgrowths, flower sturdy up to 40 cm.

The average flowering period is from the third decade of March, 16-18 days. Enlarges 124-133 days. Flowering productivity 195%; multiplication factor 1,8; output of commodity bulbs 121%. Affectability 8%. Score 80 points.

The introduction and sorting of daffodils continues.

CROSS-CROSSED VARIETY OF NARCISSES

Among garden daffodils, a special place is occupied by the Cut-to-Crown. In the International Registration List 1961, there were about 40 varieties, or 0,3% of the total number (12 thousand titles). In 1975, they were separated into a separate garden group - 11.

In the supplementary list published by the Royal Society of England in conjunction with the American Society of Daffodilists in 1980, there were more than 130 varieties, or 12%, in this group.

Crowned Daffodils characterized by the fact that the crown (crown), located in the pharynx of the correct 6-membered flower, consists of 6 free or fused only at the base of the lobes.

The history of their selection is interesting.

From time to time varieties have mutations: mahrovost, appearance of unusual specimens. So, from the old Tubular two-tone narcissus Victoria was allocated an original form - with a crown, divided into 6 shares. The novelty was called Batnhoul (in translation from the English-butonniere).

The Dutch biologist Dr. De Maul tried to multiply the mutant with seeds, but failed because the pollen was sterile. Then de Maul attracted to hybridization other varieties - King Alfred, Emperor, Impress, Madame de Graf, Tlori of Leiden. In 1922, he received a series of seedlings of giant Orchid-like daffodils. Subsequently, using the grades with a split crown from different groups, the originator introduced a new series of Orchid-shaped daffodils.

This work continued Lefter. Crossed two-color Tubular varieties with large-crowned, brought hybrids Butterfly (butterfly). Crown in them consists of 6 separate short narrow lobes (in the form of a star) or free, overlapping each other at the base. These include Broadway Star, Burning Hart, Papillon Blanche, Cape Kennedy and others.

In 1928, the breeder, Gerritsen, became interested in self-pollination of the Cut-Crown Varieties. The Seyantsei seedlings obtained had two-color pri-corollas or one-cellar ones - white and yellow.

Gerritsen also crossed, using white, yellow and bicolour Tubular and Large-Scalloped Daffodils - Royal Orange, the Metropolitan, Orange Glou, and others. Thus, about 20 varieties were identified, among which Canasta, Orringery, Expo are the most famous.

In 1959, plants with a pink prince were involved in hybridization, which initiated the creation of split-root varieties of this color.

Now the 11 group's daffodils are very popular, their breeding is occupied by industrial firms in the Netherlands, the USA.

The initial introduction of these varieties into the HBS of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR began in another 1963. Detailed sorting was carried out. The duration of flowering of plants is revealed, the description and an estimation of decorative signs and economic-biological qualities are given. The early, middle and late varieties are distinguished.

It is established that the displacement of phenophases occurs in those years when the weather conditions change drastically. For example, after the cold and prolonged winter and the spring of 1979, the beginning of the blossom was delayed for all daffodils. In 1983, spring was friendly and warm, the soil did not freeze over the winter, the flowering began earlier (in comparison with the average long-term data).

Most incrusted varieties bloom for 2 weeks. Some (Nippon, Broadway Star) this period lasts about 10 days, while others (Split, Cassatt) - 15-22 days.

The height of the peduncles depending on the variety varies within 25-50 cm, the diameter of the flower is 7-11 cm, the diameter of the crown is 2,5-10 cm. The flowering productivity is 100-280%.

To describe and evaluate the decorative features, we developed a technique that proved to be very convenient. It can be used by those who are engaged in sorting out daffodils. So, 3 subgroups are allocated in the form of a crown:

1. densely adjacent to the petals (Canasta, Cassatt);
2. not adjacent to the petals along the entire length, the shares curved, notched along the edge (Told Collar, Split);
3. resembles a six-beam star with narrow lobes (Fistrstrik, Jeanne d'Arc, Broadway Star).

In coloring, 7 subgroups of narcissuses are introduced:

1. the entire flower is white (Cassata, Split);
2. perianth white, parts of crown yellow Yellowhead, Canacha);
3. perianth white, orange crowns (Oringeri, Parisienne);
4. perianth white, crowns pink (Phantom, Egard);
5. the entire flower is yellow Sakkara, Chanteryel, Danser Square);
6. perianth yellow, orange crowns (Rangis; Mondragon, Congress);
7. the flower is white, but in the center of the crown shares yellow, orange or red stripes (Fistrstrik, Broadway Star).

In the conditions of the middle band, in most plants of the 11 group, after prolonged low temperatures in winter and frosts during the spring regrowth, the decorative qualities are reduced. For example, in La Argentina, Jeanne d'Arc crown becomes an ordinary fused, the color turns pale. However, in the following years, with mild winters, signs are fully restored. Given this, the plant of this group should be planted in well-lit places, it is more dense to insulate the leaf with winter, and in the spring, do not rush to open it.

Crowned Daffodils can be used for floral decoration and cuttings in the open ground, and some are suitable for winter forcing.

According to long-term observations, we have allocated 7 of the best varieties recommended for mass reproduction: Cassatt, Canast Baccarat, Modest, Oringer, Dolly Mollinger, Chanteryel.

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