The growth force of dwarf trees on various rootstocks
Up to what height can dwarf fruit trees grow on various rootstocks (including also slaboroslyh).
This article will most likely be of interest only to professional gardeners who are thinking about a dwarf, trellis garden and growing miniature apples and pears in it for streaming. Such is becoming more and more in Russia, the disregard for gardening is a thing of the past and it is encouraging and gives hope for the future of Russian agriculture.
The material provides statistical data on the height and growth force of dwarf trees of different varieties in different growing conditions. For the majority of gardeners and gardeners it will be of little interest - dry statistics and measurements, but for those who are going to make a bookmark of a garden of dwarf varieties, for example the same Column-shaped apple trees, will make it possible to make a plan because the growth force and the frequency and density of planting of seedlings will directly affect crops, and when the trees reach the stage of fertility, it will be too late to change something in this scheme.
The fruit trees of the apple and pear trees are divided according to the growth force of the above-ground part into tall and slightly grown. The latter group includes usually all varieties of apple, grafted on dwarf and semi-dwarfish rootstocks: paradises VIII and IX, duseni II, III, IV and V, as well as pear varieties grafted on vegetatively propagated quince.
The size of trees, the growth force and the character of the crown depend mainly on the stock, the grafted variety and the condition of growth. Trees of most apple varieties grafted on dwarf and semi-dwarfish rootstocks are characterized by a lesser growth force compared to grafted on seedlings of cultivars or Caucasian forest apple trees.
If you select three adjacent growth buds on the current year's shoot of the apple cultivar Jonathan and plant one on the seedling of the Caucasian forest apple tree, the second one on the dosen and the third on the paradise, then other things being equal, the trees will have different sizes.
In the conditions of one of the agrofirms of the Crimean region of the Krasnodar Territory, the trees of the specified strain at the age of 15 years reach on the Caucasian forest apple tree of 6-meter height, on the Dusene V - 4,8 m, on the paradise IX - 3,3 m.
Such a significant difference in the size of the overground part of the Jonathan variety is a consequence of the dominant influence of the stock and is characteristic of almost all varieties.
It is known that in the life of the fruit tree the stock plays an exceptionally important role.
Entering into complex relationships and interactions, exchanging elements of nutrition, the above-ground part and the root system exert a profound and multilateral influence on each other. The depth of mutual influence of rootstocks and grafts depends on the stage state of the grafted components.
IV Michurin also established the presence of profound qualitative changes in step-by-step young plants under the influence of the stepwise old rootstocks. This gave him the opportunity to develop a well-known mentor method.
Noticeable changes under the influence of the rootstock are also observed when grafting trees of mature age varieties. But this variability is not hereditary and is not fixed in vegetatively propagated offspring.
See also: Growing kiwifruit in Russia on trellises
For example, cuttings taken from old dwarf trees and grafted on Caucasian seedlings forest apple tree, lose the features and characteristics characteristic of dwarf fruit plants. The trees again reach large sizes.
In this case, the influence of the rootstock affects only the strength of growth and the beginning of fruiting, its longevity, yield, the terms of the end of growth, the dropping of leaves, etc. In the first years after planting in the garden (up to 3 years), apple trees, have almost the same growth force.
Up to five to six years of age, it is difficult to determine among dwarf and semi-dwarf trees by size - so small is the difference in their growth. This is primarily due to the good regenerative debatability by the root of the rootstock stocks, which already in the first two years after planting provide not only good survival, but also a strong growth of the aerial part of the tree.
The gap in growth occurs gradually, from the moment the trees enter the fruit-bearing period, which begins in dwarf trees much earlier than in tall trees.
Reference by topic: Dwarf and trellis gardening - history
First, trees that are grafted on the paradise are lagging behind in growth, a blunting of growth processes on dusen trees is observed a little later.
In late-fruiting varieties (Rosemary white, etc.), there is a marked lag in the growth of trees on the Dusen, compared with the strong-growing ones, already at the age of 7-8 years, ie, long before the beginning of fruiting.
Trees of apple trees, having a root paradise, regardless of the place of growth, are small in size. Their height varies within 3-4 m.
For example, the 6-year-old trees of Renet Simirenko, Boyken, Delishes and Wagner prize without irrigation reach 195-229 cm, and at the age of 12-15 years exceed 3,8 m.
In the experiments of the Soviet gardener GV Trusevich on powerful weakly leached chernozems without watering, the 12-year-old trees of Pepin of Lithuania, Anis Kubansky and Boyken in Paradise VIII have an increase of 308-323 cm.
The highest tree height (400-405 cm) on Paradise VIII is registered in Parmen's Winter Golden and Rosemary White at the age of 19-20 years.
A great force of growth in the first years of life is characterized by dwarf trees in irrigated trellis garden.
Provision of moisture and nutrients contributes to the rapid growth of vegetative mass, which is very important in the presence of a flat crown.
A large number of increments, increasing the leaf area, compensates for the insufficient load of the flat crown with skeletal branches in comparison with the natural form of the tree. The average length of growth in trees annually reaches 35-40 cm, while in a non-irrigated garden they are equal to 20-25 cm.
Therefore, in a trellised irrigated garden trees of such varieties as White White, Delicious, Rosemary White, Parmen Winter Gold, at the age of 6 years, with free growth, reach a height of 2,5 m.
In the presence of trellises, height growth can be limited by bending and gartering to the wire of branches, which is done instead of trimming in order to keep the crown of a certain volume.
The data in the 1 table does not reflect the natural size of dwarf trees, since in this case (on the trellis) the shape of the crown and the angle of divergence of the skeletal branches were also changed. However, these figures show how wide the opportunities for culture on the trellis to change not only the shape, but also the size.
In trees with natural form, the diameter of the crown in all directions is almost the same, whereas on the trellis the crown size in one direction is 4-6 times higher than in the other direction. The height of the dwarf, trellis tree can be kept within 2-2,5 m.
Paradise VIII, as a rootstock, is considered to be less tall compared with the paradise IX, although the difference in growth is not noticeable on the powerful pre-Caucasian chernozems on irrigated plots.
For example, in one garden without irrigation, the difference in the growth of 12-year-old trees of the Melba variety grafted on paradises VIII and IX reaches 37 cm (292 and 329 cm), and in another, irrigated, 6-summer trees of Borovinka at different Paradise types have almost the same dimensions (231 and 239 cm).
See also: Correct shaping pruning of pears on different types of rootstocks
The crown diameter of 9-12-year-old trees of most apple varieties grafted on the paradise reaches 3,5–4 m, that is, it is equal to or greater than its height, which makes the tree shape sprawling, oval, more sparse than on other stocks. This is especially true for varieties such as Renez Simirenko, Jonathan, Bonken, Calville adjacent, Pepin Lithuanian, etc. Collected, almost pyramidal crowns from Parmen winter gold, Rosemary whitewashed, Kandil synapa, etc. These varieties on the paradise differ in their greater growth force .
Apple trees, grafted on dusen, have much larger crown sizes than on the paradise, but somewhat smaller in comparison with the tall forms. Due to the strength of the growth of the terrestrial part, they occupy an intermediate position between dwarf and vigorous, therefore, they are classified as semi-dwarf midget trees. According to the literature, in the middle zone of Russia, Ukraine in the Crimea, and other areas with shallow soils, trees grafted on dusen have a restrained growth and the size of the aboveground part is closer to the dwarf trees.
So, in the Moscow region, trees grafted on dusene III, at the age of 14-22 years, have an increase of 320-410 cm and the same crown diameter, i.e. similar in size to dwarf trees in the Kuban.
Even according to Soviet observations, apple varieties Renet Orleans, Renet Champagne, Rosemary white, grafted on duseni, at the age of 21, reach a height of 280-461 cm, with the same diameter of the crown.
The trees grow on a semi-dwarfish rootstock in the conditions of the South of Russia. In the period of full fruiting (15-18 years) trees on the dusen reach an altitude of 5-6 m, and in humid areas or in irrigated plots - up to 7-8 m (Rosemary white).
In one of the departments of the Kuban Agricultural Institute, the 8-year-old trees of Jonathan and Calville are tender on a V VAN reach 340-373 cm, and the 14-year-old trees of Renet Champagne, Renet Simirenko and Parmen Winter Gold, in an irrigated garden, have an increase of 401-412 cm.
The width of the crown according to the grades is different.
Lesser trees of Parmen's variety are winter golden (324 cm), the largest in Renet Simirenko (635 cm). In the same agrofirm, 50-55-summer trees of Renet champagne on Dusen II reach 694 cm with a diameter of crown 732 cm.
Significantly larger sizes reach the trees grafted on the Dusen III.
According to Soviet statistics, trees on dusen in many parts of the North Caucasus, on rich, moist soils, are not only inferior in growth to trees on family stock, but are often higher than them.
In experiments on the testing of rootstocks in the Krasnodar Territory 16-summer trees of Rosemary white on the Dusen III reach 619 cm, in the Caucasian forest apple tree 606 cm, Pepin of London, respectively 532 and 469 cm, Parmena winter gold-543 and 445, see The varieties listed on Dusen III grow stronger than in the Caucasian forest apple tree, known for its great growth force.
From this it follows that under optimal growth conditions dusenes impart to the grafted apple cultivars a strong growth, not characteristic of semi-dwarf trees. Therefore, it is clear that in the strength of growth of grafted varieties, doseni in the South of Russia are more likely to refer to the rootstocks than the average, higher-average growth force. Trees on dusen in many areas of the Krasnodar Territory are closer in size to vigorous forms.
In most apple cultivars on dusenes, the crown diameter is 400-732 cm, but trees with a crown width of 450-600 cm are more common. The ratio between height and crown diameter depends on the variety and conditions of growth, planting density, illumination, soil conditions, agricultural techniques of cultivation).
When plants are placed 8 × 6, 7X6 m, the crown width in most varieties prevails over height, at shorter distances (5X5 m) the trees stretch out and become less spreading.
The growth force of apple trees grafted on semi-dwarfish rootstocks depends not only on soil and climatic conditions, but also on the type of dusen.
The strongest growth force for the grafted varieties is given by Dusen III, somewhat less dense II. Trees in V are one-dimensional or weaker than on dusene II. This difference in growth is particularly noticeable on wet soils or in areas with a close groundwater table, where the growth and condition of trees on the Dusen III is much better. On dry soils, on the contrary, the trees on the Dusene V are the same or even higher than on D. III.
In the Crimea, a stronger growth was noted in the trees on the Dusen II, and the plants in the III village reach a larger size than on the VD. Consequently, in all cases the trees are smaller in VD dense than in II and III.
It should be noted that the size and type of trees are also influenced by the variety and level of agricultural technology in the garden. On the eye of the agrofon, trees are more powerful than in a neglected garden. Other things being equal, high-growth varieties (Rosemary white, Candil asleep, Grushovka Revalskaya) on the same rootstock reach a much larger growth than the medium-sized (Delisches, Renet Champagne, Jonathan and others) and slaboroslye (Borovinka, Wagner Prize, Anis Kubansky and others.).
Pear trees, grafted on the stocking stocks in the plain gardens of the Kuban, have semi-dwarf growth. In the more humid mountain areas 50-55-summer trees of Bere-Boska on quince have a crown diameter of 525 cm, at a height of 600 cm. Nearby growing trees of this variety on a forest pear reach an altitude of 11 meters.
36-year-old pear trees of the varieties Cure, Williams, Clupp's darlings) have an average crown diameter within 426-488 cm and a height of 110-495 cm.
Pear on a quince, like an apple tree on a dosen, in different soil and climatic conditions, has an uneven growth force.
See also: How to plant a pear with your own hands. Budding
In wet areas, trees reach larger sizes than in arid areas.
Dimensions of 6-year-old dwarf trees in trellised garden - control measurements | ||||
Grade | Rootstock | Size of trees (cm) | ||
height | Crown diameter | |||
North South | East-West | |||
Filling white | Paradise IX | 257 | 247 | 65 |
Melba | Paradise IX | 286 | 282 | 67 |
Borovinka | Paradise VIII | 231 | 249 | 57 |
Borovinka | Paradise IX | 239 | 241 | 58 |
Pepin Lithuanian | Paradise IX | 242 | 238 | 68 |
Rene Simirenko | Paradise IX | 239 | 295 | 84 |
Rene Simirenko | Dusen V | 289 | 322 | 103 |
Wagner's prize-winning | Paradise IX | 267 | 266 | 68 |
Ben Davis | Paradise IX | 276 | 272 | 69 |
Ben Davis | Dusen V | 311 | 254 | 79 |
Below other entries on the topic "Dacha and garden - with their own hands"
- Bonsai garden - pros and cons
- Caring for columnar trees - the correct formation of a "column" - my advice (Orenburg)
- Colon-shaped trees - planting care and shaping
- Planting dwarf apple trees - the pros and cons
- Winter hardiness and drought resistance of dwarf trees
- Correct planting of bonsai seedlings - photo
- Garden of Colon Trees - a list of pros and cons
- Dwarf garden and plants for it
- Dwarf and semi-dwarf apple trees - pros and cons., Reviews of sciences
- How many live dwarf trees and their forms for growing on trellis
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At me grow and fruit two apples on dwarfish stocks, to them already on 7 years. Harvest I receive in the end of July - the beginning of August. I want to plant on them apple trees of other varieties. Do you think the maturation period should be the same for the graft and the stock? And is it possible to take a graft from an ordinary high-apple tree or from an apple tree to a dwarfish rootstock?
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I'll start from the end: from where you take the cuttings to the inoculation - does not matter. As for the timing of maturation, it is advised in the literature to select varieties with one maturity period for inoculation. But I have experimented more than once and from my experience I can say that after the vaccination, say, of the "late" sort of apple on the "early"
the tree feels well, develops, and fruiting on different branches comes into the nature laid down by the term. The only point: if you plant, say, a sweet apple on sour, "aliens" can slightly change the taste, but so insignificant that you can not even notice it.
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Until now, throughout Russia, gardeners grow fruit trees that reach 8 and more meters in height. Such giants occupy a large area, they can not be processed and it is extremely difficult to harvest, since it is "in the clouds".
Giants have long been abandoned in Europe. All gardens - both amateur and industrial - are now grown on dwarf rootstocks and trellises. Such orchards are easy to process, and they give up to 10 tons of apples per hectare. Now we have in the Stavropol boom the creation of Italian gardens. But everything new is well forgotten old: the first garden on the trellises was created in 1966 on the collective farm to them. Lenin under the leadership of the Hero of Socialist Labor Alexander Chu-prin. The yield per 1 ha was 101 centners.
The technology of the trellis garden is this. On the prepared site, concrete or metal poles are installed with a height of 2 m, row spacing is 3 m. In the row between the poles is 4,9 m. A wire with a diameter of 3 mm in four rows is stretched over the posts (after 50 cm). Trees are planted in a row under the wire every 1,8 m, the growing side branches are tied to the wire at an angle of 45-60 °. This leads to early bearing and forms a fan crown. Branches growing towards the aisle are shortened.
I transferred my garden garden 10 years ago to trellises. I have fruit trees, grapes, cucumbers, tomatoes growing on them. I never dig passages, I keep clean from weeds. I am 77 years old, but I easily maintain my site. And in general, working in such a garden is a pleasure! I advise everyone to get rid of giant trees and switch to trellises. If you can’t afford to transfer the whole garden at once, build 2-3 trellises each year. I'm sure you will like it.