Minimizing moth and other insect pests and their control
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Leaf Mining Pests - How to Fight
Sheet miners
On the leaves of trees, bushes and grassy plants, patches resembling patterns are often seen. They are called mines and their pests are caused by insects-miners gnawing the passages and under the skin of the leaves.
Miners damage both coniferous and deciduous trees, almost all shrubs, and crops, both ornamental and medicinal plants, flowers and weeds.
Among trees - this, for example, chestnut horse, linden, holly, platan, robinia, mountain ash, thuja, apple tree; among the bushes - barber, rose, scoot, hawthorn, honeysuckle, spirea; among herbaceous plants - goldenrod, balsam, strawberry, clover, clematis, cleansing, spurge, bell, golden thousand, dandelion, violet.
Usually miners of one species damage a certain kind of plants, which is reflected in their names - poplar moth, linden moth, nightshade minesweeper.
Most miners winter in the pupal stage, some in the larva or adult insect stage (adult). In the adult stage, miners overwinter in fissures of the cortex and other shelters, for example, in buildings. In the larval stage, miners winter on the surface of the soil, in covers on branches, in mines in fallen leaves, and in the pupal stage, in soil, fallen leaves, and cracks in the bark.
Some types of miners always have only one generation, and the number of generations of other species depends on the temperature during their development.
Some types of miners damage leaves only in spring, others in summer, and still others from spring to autumn. The developmental periods of individual generations overlap, which complicates the determination of the timing of protective measures.
Among the leaf miners, the representatives of Lepidoptera (moth-miners) and Diptera (aglymisid flies) predominate, the smaller ones are coleopterans (gramineous, leaf beetles, weevils) and Hymenoptera (real sawflies).
Mina - the "calling card" of miners. Each type of mine is characterized by a specific form of mines, their location in the sheet, and in mines - larvae, excrement and flight holes. Mines may take the form of a tunnel, spot or tunnel with a spot at the end.
Harmfulness of miners is manifested in a decrease in the viability of plants, their decorativeness, growth rates, fruiting intensity and deterioration of seed quality. Harmfulness of miners increases in areas where one or several closely related plant species are cultivated, in greenhouses, nurseries, plantations of medicinal or forest monocultures.
See also: Ticks - pests of fruit and ornamental plants: fighting with them
As a result of the development of mines, the surface of the leaf decreases, which detains dust and atmospheric emissions, carries out photosynthesis, which affects the growth of trees. The additional bloom of heavily damaged plants, which occurs in autumn, also weakens them. The branches of such trees sometimes freeze. With a high density of mines, the decorativeness of plants and resistance to diseases and pests decrease, the foliage falls prematurely. Reducing the weight of seeds damaged by minerals plants can affect the safety of seedlings and the quality of planting material. Damage, for example, by lindens by a miner leads to a decrease in the number of flowers formed and the content of nectar in them, which damages beekeeping.
Particularly dangerous are the miners, which quickly spread over a vast territory with wind flows, vehicles, and most of all, with planting material. The number of these species in the homeland is regulated by natural enemies - birds, invertebrates, and fodder plants grow together with other plant species, which increases the stability of plantings. If a plant serving as feed for minerals in the new territory is grown as a monoculture (in landscaping, on plantations), the harmfulness of these insects increases many times.
Sheet miners on trees and shrubs
Examples of miners that have penetrated to us from other continents are chestnut, or (Parectopa robiniella), white-ovoid miner (Phyllonorycter-Macrosaccus robiniella), platanous mole-pearfly (Ph. platani), juniper mole (Dichomeris marginella), thyme moth (Argyresthia thuiella), ochridian, miner (Cameraria ohridella), moth-pollen ).
Chestnut Miner
It damages the leaves of the horse chestnut, which grows in the natural forests of the Balkans, and in other countries it is used for greening parks, squares and streets. This miner was first discovered near Ohrid Lake in Macedonia on the border with Albania in the 1980-ies. and was named "Ohrid Miner". This species spread rapidly throughout Europe, and in recent years is found in almost all regions. During the season, three generations of chestnut minerals develop, and the massive years of first-generation butterflies occur during the flowering period of chestnut. Pupae of the last generation hibernate in mines in fallen leaves.
Reference by topic: Pests of trees (photo)
Acacia Minerals
White acacia, or robinia, as a decorative breed in the early 17th century. They were brought to Europe, at the end of the 18th century, to Ukraine. This breed is widely used, in particular, in hedges. Acacia moths penetrated to Europe from North America about 30 years ago, have 2-3 generations in a year. Mines of two types can be easily distinguished from each other.
Lime mole-pestryanka (linden miner).
Described in Japan in 1963. Over two decades, it spread to Primorye, Korea, penetrated the European part of Russia, Ukraine and many European countries. Butterflies of linden mineral hibernate in the cracks of the bark of linden trees, lay eggs on the lower surface of the leaves after they are fully bloomed. Butterflies of the summer generation fly out in early July, and butterflies that will winter will appear in September.
Touilles moth-pest.
Penetrated to Europe from North America at the beginning of the 70-ies. XX century. It inhabits the western and cypress-cub of Lovson. Has one generation per year.
The larvae mink the apical shoots, they hibernate in mines. Needles become brown, and populated shoots perish.
Juniper moth.
He injures the needles of juniper. Caterpillars hibernate in dense spider webs. In the spring, the caterpillars continue to feed, pupate in early May. Caterpillars of a new generation appear in June and feed until autumn. They mine needles, braid the branches of the juniper web, which leads to yellowing of the needles and loss of the ornamentality of the plants.
Among ornamental shrubs, miners damage: roses, rhododendron. Holly Holly. On the leaves of rose bushes, you can see bright points (the result of piercing with a pink mining moth when laying eggs) and winding passages. Rhododendron leaves are damaged by an azalea mole (Caloptiliaazaleella). Its caterpillars are quite large - up to 1 cm in length. Damaged leaves dry, crumble and fall. Adult caterpillars crawl onto neighboring healthy leaves, fold them into tubes and continue their development there. Pellets on the underside of leaves in cocoons. On the holly holly leafy mining flies are also detected by the presence of punctures and passages.
Reference by topic: Aphids, butterflies and sawflies (photo) - how to fight in the garden
Sheet miners on herbaceous plants
Among the miners that damage herbaceous plants, flies from the family predominate Agromyzidae - a variegated miner (Liriomyza strigata), a multivariate miner (Phytomyza horticola), a chrysanthemum leaf miner (Phytomyza syngenesiae), and a nightshade miner (Liriomyza bryoniae).
Flies-agromizids damage crops (wheat, sugar beet, onions, cabbage, corn) and flower plants (chrysanthemums, violets, freesias, gerberas, carnations, zinnias). The spoiled miner has several generations a year in leaves of cyclamen, cineraria and other flower crops.
Nightsweeper damages tomato, cucumber, melons, parsley, celery, cabbage, lettuce and dozens of other plants. Not only larvae, but adult flies also damage grassy plants, piercing leaf tissue and feeding on cell sap. The leaves of young plants as a result of this wither and fall. With a large number of flies, the plant may die.
Protection of plants against leaf miners
Protection of plants from leaf miners includes several techniques.
Selection of resistant plant species and varieties. Miners do not inhabit all types of plants of the same genus. So, on the chestnut, the meat-red larvae of the chestnut minerals die at younger ages, and the small-flowered chestnut is not populated at all by this pest.
Inspection of plants. The earlier damage to plants is detected by minerals, the less they harm. Remember that mini-flies can spread along with potted or cut flowers.
Sifting of the soil before use for greenhouses and potted plants is carried out, as in it the pupae of many miners winter.
Isolation of small-mesh netting of indoor plants when exhibited on a balcony or in the garden can protect them from wind-driven mini-flies.
Hanging plates (plaques, pieces of plastic) of yellow color, glued with glue, in greenhouses and in the open ground along rows of plants at the level of the location of the bulk of the foliage, in order to catch flies and moths during their summer.
Imposition of adhesive belts on the trunks immediately before the beginning of summer miners.
Release in film and glass greenhouses (but not in the open ground) of riders - parasitic insects, which are grown in specialized enterprises.
Removal of populated leaves or their parts by hand with subsequent destruction.
Cleaning fallen leaves is the easiest and most environmentally friendly measure to protect trees from miners wintering in fallen leaves. Leaves must be raked without damaging them so that the pupae do not spill out, and then not burn, but compost.
Digging in the trunks and loosening of the soil under the crowns.
Flushing moles-miners with a stream of water from the tree trunk during the mass summer of each generation.
Application in chemical agents. Insecticides for protection of ornamental plants from miners are used by spraying foliage, soil under plants, and also injections into the trunk. However, injection into the trunk is expensive, creates conditions for penetration into the tree of pathogenic microorganisms, and the introduction of insecticides into the soil is dangerous for many of its inhabitants. In the presence of several generations of miners, several foliar sprayings are carried out during the season.
Reference by topic: Pests and diseases of trees and shrubs - how to detect at the very beginning
Regulators of the growth and development of insects (Dimilin, Match, Insegar, Nomolt) are advisable to use during the summer of imago, and preparations of intestinal action - until the larva penetrates the leaf.
Against the chestnut mineral effectively two-time use of Bi-58 preparations is new 40% ae, Dimilin 25% s.p., Karate050SBmks.c. Confidor Maxi vs. 050 EC match, Aktara 25 WG, this year. with the addition of surfactants: Agro-surfactant or AgroPAV. Extra, etc.
To protect the common juniper from the caterpillars of the juniper moth, it is recommended to use Actofit, CE (2 g / l), the flow rate is 4 ml / l, in the second decade of April and in the first decade of August.
To protect against mincing flies, organophosphorus insecticides (eg Zolon, BI-58 new) are used by spraying the plants at the end of August, before the flies are gone to diapause, anionicotinoids (eg Confordor Maxi, Aktara, Mospilan) entering into the soil.
To protect medicinal plants, honey plants and plants, whose leaves are used for food, chemical protective equipment should be used only as a last resort and at the exact recommended time.
The material was prepared by an expert Valentina Meshkova, a doctor of agricultural sciences. sciences, professor
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Cherries that grow in my garden, I love not only me. Aphids, moths, weevils ... It feels like
that everyone who likes to enjoy fruits, I already know "in person". And I know how to fight them. I'll tell you how to get rid of, for example, cherry shoot moth. This gluttonous pest practically destroys the kidneys, flowers, shoots and even cherry leaves. The butterflies themselves are small, brown in color. Caterpillars are half as large, green with a brown head. Eggs moth lays in the cracks of the bark. As soon as buds start to swell in the spring, the caterpillars are selected outside. First they bite into the kidneys,
then go to the buds, then they are taken for the leaves. And everything, you can forget about cherry jam!
When they have eaten, they fall to the ground, go to the upper layer of the soil around the trunk, where they pupate. It is important not to miss this moment, to dig up the ground and have a good walk through the rakes. You will not do this, and a month later, butterflies flutter around the cherry, lay eggs in the cracks of the bark, and everything will go in a circle.
Of course, the entire bark is difficult to handle, but to remove build-ups and lichens does not hurt. And in the spring, before buds swelling, spraying with insecticides helps.