Phosphoric fertilizers and kalimagnesia - application

In the previous issues of the publication, the most common forms of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were considered. In today's publication we finish the review of potassium ones and give information on phosphorus fertilization.

Kalimagnesia top dressing - fertilizer application rates

This fertilizer is produced in the form of a pink with a gray tinge of powder or granules. It dissolves well in water, although it gives a small precipitate.

It differs in that it contains two important nutrients - potassium (up to 30%) and magnesium (about 10%). Both of them are presented in the form of sulfates, so that the third active substance that has a positive effect on plants is sulfur (up to 17%).

The peculiarity of sulfur-containing compounds is in facilitating the absorption of fertilizers by the root system of plants.

A successful combination in the fertilizer of the three components multiplies their forces. The separate use of potassium and magnesium does not give such an effect, since these elements are unevenly distributed in the soil.

The simultaneous addition and presence of sulfur creates favorable conditions for enriching the entire root zone of the soil by chemical reactions with the formation of compounds accessible to plants.

At the same time, the presence of chlorine in potassium-magnesia is minimal (1 -3%), which allows it to be used for almost all horticultural crops. Especially effective fertilizer for potatoes, buckwheat, legumes, fruit, berry and other sensitive to chlorine crops.

Fertilizer does not absorb moisture, so it does not cake when stored and transported.

Kalimagnezia favorably influences plants, increasing their yields, accelerating the ripening of fruits and prolonging the fruiting terms. The quality of products also improves: in potato tubers, the content of starch increases, in beet and fruit-sugar, in berries (including grapes), the concentration of ascorbic acid increases, all the fruits of vegetables become more saturated with vitamins. In addition, the resistance of fruit and vegetable crops to various diseases increases, as well as resistance to cold exposure.

The most effective application of this fertilizer on light sandy and sandy loam soils that are deficient in potassium and magnesium.

It is advisable to use calimagnesis and peat bogs: although magnesium is sufficient in their composition, there is a large lack of potassium and sulfur. On loams and heavy clay soils, the effect can be achieved provided they are sufficiently moistened. But on the black soil, Kalymagnezia does not give serious results in increasing yields.

Depending on the type of soil, the time of fertilizing is determined. On light soils, it is recommended to apply it in the spring, on clay soils - in the fall.

It is not necessary to deeply seal up kalimagnesia, it is enough that when digging the powder or granules are at the depth of the bayonet of the shovel - in the root-inhabited layer.

On average, 40 g fertilizer is applied to 1 m². However, depending on the crops that are to be grown, this dose can be reduced or increased. The recommended rates for the introduction of calimagnesium are given in Table 1. In greenhouses and hotbeds, these doses can be increased by about 5 g / m².

When planting: under the fruit pome and stone fruit plants in the planting pit, make up to 300, and under the berry bushes-up to 150 g fertilizer.

Kalimagnezia is perfect for root and foliar dressings. 6 the first case 15-20 g fertilizer is dissolved in 10 L of water and consumes this amount on 1 m² planting vegetable crops, except for root crops, for which the amount of fertilizer increases to 20-25. To fertilize fruit trees and berry bushes 20-30, grams of calimagnesia are applied to the 1 mg of the stock circle.

For foliar fertilizing, dissolve 20 g fertilizer in 10 l water, the consumption of -0,5 at 1 mg.

Table 1. Norms for the introduction of caligagnesia

culture	Calimagnesium application rate, g / m2
Potato	30
Beetroot	40
Carrots	36
Cabbage	46
Tomatoes	20
cucumbers	25
Onion garlic	15
Radish, turnip	30

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See also: Application of nitrogen fertilizers in ammonium form

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Phosphate fertilizers

Phosphorus does not directly affect the growth of plants and the quality of their fruits, but its role in their development is great: it is this element that provides plants with the energy necessary for metabolic processes, fission and multiplication. In addition, he himself is a part of DNA and RNA, which determine the genetic program of a particular culture.

The peculiarity of phosphorus lies in the fact that plants absorb it exactly as much as they need, so when introducing the fat containing this element, the overdose is not terrible.

In most phosphorus fertilizers, the element itself is in a form that is difficult to assimilate by plants, and it takes time for more digestible compounds to form under the influence of soil reactions. Therefore, such fertilizers are best applied in the autumn.

Application of superphosphate

It is produced by industry in the form of white-gray powder or granules. Depending on the type, it contains from 14 to 50% phosphorus oxide (see table 2).

As you can see, simple superphosphate is the poorest in phosphorus content. It is produced using a fairly simple technology of decomposition of phosphate rock with sulfuric acid, which determines its low price. But this does not allow getting rid of a kind of ballast, the bulk of which (up to 40%) is calcium sulfate (gypsum). This substance is useless for most plants, except for legumes and cruciferous crops, which require "feeding" with sulfur.

Another disadvantage of simple superphosphate is that it is hardly soluble in water. True, there is a way to overcome this obstacle - cooking the hood. You need to take 1,5 cups of fertilizer and pour 3 liters of boiling water. The container is placed in a warm place and stirred from time to time (the more often the better).

For a day the fertilizer turns into a form easily assimilable for plants. The liquid fraction is drained and the precipitate is discarded, since it contains mainly gypsum. The resulting suspension should be similar in color to cow's milk. Its volume of 150 ml is diluted with 10 L of water and used for top dressing of plants. It is desirable to add 20 g carbamide, since in the presence

nitrogen phosphorus is much better absorbed by plants.

Council

Simple superphosphate is well suited for composting. They pour layers of manure, chicken manure or plant residues at the rate of 100 g fertilizer per 100 kg of raw materials. This makes it possible to accelerate ripening of humus and sharply reduce nitrogen losses in it.

Granular and double superphosphates, in principle, are enriched versions of monophosphate. In the first, the content of gypsum is reduced to 30%, and in the second it is practically absent, but there is 13-18% of nitrogen. Dissolution of phosphorus oxide is also associated with difficulties, therefore, for extracting the extract is prepared. True, double superphosphate practically does not give a precipitate.

Unlike all previous species, the ammoniated superphosphate dissolves well in water. Plant-assimilated compounds containing nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium and some magnesium are evenly distributed in each granule in an easily accessible form for plants.

In addition to these types, superphosphate is produced enriched with microelements - marganized, boric and molybdenum.

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See also: Nitroammophosco: application and composition

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Table 2. Content of the main active substance

in different types of superphosphate

Superphosphate type:	The content of phosphorus oxide P2О5, %
Simple (monophosphate)	14-20
Granulated	to 50
Double	45-48
Ammoniated	14-20
Ammonized double	30-32

© Author: Vladislav PIVOVAROV, soil scientist, Vologda Oblast, Cherepovets

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