Repaired raspberry (photo) planting and leaving from A to Z
Contents ✓
- ✓ TECHNOLOGY OF CULTIVATION OF REPAIRANT RASPBERRY
- ✓ SELECTION OF A PLOT FOR A RESTORANT RASTER
- ✓ REQUIREMENTS TO SOIL
- ✓ BEST PREDECTIONS
- ✓ PRE-PRINCIPLE SOIL TRAINING
- ✓ REQUIREMENTS TO PLANNING MATERIAL
- ✓ PLANT OF REPAIRANT RASPBERRY
- ✓ Raspberry planting
- ✓ Table 2. System of measures to protect raspberry from pests and diseases
- ✓ CUTTING RASPBERRY RASPBERRY
- ✓ APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS
- ✓ ORIGINAL FERTILIZERS FOR RASPBERRY
- ✓ HARVEST
- ✓ BROWNING THE REPAIRANT RASPBERRY - COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
- ✓ PRODUCTION OF PLANTING MATERIAL
- ✓ Breeding of raspberry raspberries with root extracts
- ✓ BREEDING REMETTANT RASPBERRY BY ROOT
- ✓ Breeding of raspberry raspberries with green pigs
- ✓ MAIN RETAILING RASTERS
- ✓ YELLOW RASPBERRY
- ✓ The best varieties of repair raspberry for the Russian Federation
- ✓ PROCESSING OF RASPBERRY
- ✓ BERRIES OF RASPBERRY: USE AND APPLICATION IN COOKINGS
- ✓ RASPBERRY - HARM
- ✓ Growing, planting and caring for raspberries - reviews and tips from gardeners and gardeners
Growing of repairing raspberry - planting and care
In this detailed article we will tell about the cultivation of patch raspberry in the regions of Russia and Belarus. Let's cover the topic of planting and care, as well as useful properties and contraindications to raspberries.
Raspberry at all times was considered a special berry. For the unique taste and useful properties it was loved by the ancient Greeks and Romans, revered by the Slavic tribes. This unusual berry is sung in folklore: it can be found in fairy tales, songs, myths and legends of different countries. It is with raspberries that for many years we have been associated with a "sweet" and successful life.
Today, raspberries can rightly be called one of the leading berry crops. The substances contained in its berries are easily assimilated by the body, improve the metabolism, serve to prevent various diseases. Proved high hematopoietic action of raspberries, warning leukemia and anemia.
Advantages of raspberries are also the speed and ease of reproduction, the rapid entry into fruiting, high and stable yields, because of the late flowering period, the flowers are not damaged by spring frosts. The plant is a good honey and it is very decorative.
Raspberry is a semi-shrub plant, with a biennial elevated and perennial underground part, consisting of rhizomes and lateral accessory roots. The main part of the root system of raspberries is located in the surface soil layer at a depth of 0-30 cm. Adnexal buds form on the rhizome and roots, from which shoots of substitution and root offspring develop.
At present, in the world of raspberries, more than 100 thousand hectares of land are occupied. The average yield is about 4 t / ha. In recent decades, the areas occupied by raspberry varieties of the repair type have significantly expanded. So, in some states of the USA they make up 70-80% of all raspberry plantations. The largest suppliers of raspberries in the world market today are Bulgaria, Poland, the Russian Federation and Serbia, followed by Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, USA, Chile and the United Kingdom.
Everywhere there is an expansion of the frozen berries market for year-round consumption, and the largest amounts of frozen raspberries are produced in Canada and Serbia.
In the world there are more than 600 varieties of raspberries, but only about 30 of them are of industrial importance. Thus, scientists and breeders of all countries face a common task: the removal of highly productive varieties, well adapted to unfavorable environmental factors, suitable for mechanized cultivation and having high commercial flavors and technological qualities.
The modern model of the “ideal” raspberry variety combines optimal levels of more than 20 characters. In modern breeding programs, the yield of raspberry varieties is provided for not less than 15 t / ha, and the weight of one berry is not less than 6-8 g. The yield indicators for modern zoned varieties (Latham, Reward, Kuzmin News) do not yet reach the biologically possible level. Most standard raspberry varieties have yields of up to 10 t / ha (usually 3-6 t / ha) with an average berry mass of 2-2,5 g, and the best - up to 12-12,5 t / ha with a maximum berry size of 4-5 g.
Repaired raspberries differ little from raspberries. In the spring of each year new raspberries grow on the raspberry of the patchwork varieties, on which berries are formed. By the beginning of winter, the upper part of the shoot that is fruitful during the vegetative period is drying up, while the remaining part of the next year forms fruit branches (as in normal varieties).
The extended fruiting period allows you to get the berry from the bushes throughout the season. And this is not the only advantage of repair raspberries: it is more resistant to diseases and pests, it is much easier to care for it,
Outwardly, a bush of repairing raspberries is no different from ordinary raspberries, although with proper care, you can harvest it twice a season. However, if you neglect the basic rules of care, then this property may be lost and the bush will bear fruit as usual - once a season. With insufficient care, obtaining a double crop is possible, but the “second wave” berries will be small and dry, since all the forces of the plant and nutrients will be directed to the maturation of the first crop.
Varieties of remont raspberries need pruning, timely top dressing and watering - it is precisely to these processes that the seedlings of the crop are especially demanding.
Raspberries were known to the ancient Romans. In Latin, the name of raspberries sounds like Rubus idaeus. This name was given to the plant by Pliny the Elder when he discovered raspberries overgrown on the island of Crete. Rubus - because the berry is red, a idaeus - in honor of Mount Ida and the nymph of the same name from ancient Greek mythology, 1 daughter of the Cretan king Melissay. According to one myth, with her sister Adrastea, Ida was the nurse of the baby Zeus. Once, deciding to feed Zeus with sweet berries, Ida scratched her hands on a bush and painted white berries before that with her blood.
TECHNOLOGY OF CULTIVATION OF REPAIRANT RASPBERRY
Due to the high content of biologically active substances, raspberry is one of the most valuable berry crops. The raspberry fruit contains vitamins (C, B1 В2, AT6, AT3, D, E, PP, K), phenolic compounds (mainly anthocyanins), minerals. Quite a lot in this berry iron salts (1200 mg / 100 g crude product), zinc (200 mg / 100 g), copper (170 mg / 100 g) and manganese (210 mg / 100 g). In addition, the fruits accumulate 7-11% of sugars, from 0,5 to 0,8% protein, 0,6-0,9% pectin and 1,2-2,3% organic acids. In this case, not only berries, but also leaves, inflorescences, stems and roots of the plant possess curative properties.
In raspberry leaves, the content of vitamin C is 8-10 times higher than in berries.
Raspberry has an extreme plasticity and is able to grow in various natural and climatic zones. Thanks to this, this crop is cultivated today in 37 countries of the world. The main production of berries is concentrated in the countries of Western Europe. On average, the world annually produces about 500 thousand tons of raspberries per year.
Note
Rumor varieties are called raspberry varieties, able to bear fruit both on biennial stems, and on annual shoots, which makes it possible to obtain two crops per season. However, scientists have now come to the conclusion that it is much more profitable to grow a repair raspberry as an annual crop and to receive only late and autumn crops. At the same time, the level of profitability increases by 86% compared to the traditional way of cultivating varieties of summer maturity.
The cultivation of repair raspberry by the type of an annual culture can significantly reduce the costs of its cultivation. Thus, the repair raspberry does not require the installation of trellises, the continuous mowing of the fertilized shoots is less labor-intensive in comparison with the differentiated cutting of shoots in summer raspberry varieties, the absence of wintering shoots solves the problem of winter and frost resistance of plantations. When removing from the plantation of the fertilized annual shoots, the wintering stock of pests and diseases is destroyed, which reduces the costs of carrying out protective measures and thereby protects the environment from pesticide contamination. In addition, the berries of the autumn harvest are more dense and do not rot on the bush for a relatively long time after ripening. They are more suitable for processing, since they have less moisture and are better kept frozen.
Intensification of raspberry production is associated with the transition to the maximum mechanization of all technological processes. Harvesting manually takes about 70% of the costs of caring for plantations. According to Russian scientists, the cultivation of raspberry varieties of the repair type as an annual crop makes it possible to substantially reduce labor costs on each hectare of plantations, which is important not only for large raspberry producers, but also for farms of farm and country-garden type.
The success of growing raspberries of different maturity is also largely dependent on compliance with the basic regulations for its cultivation.
See also: Raspberry repair - growing, varieties, care, reproduction.
SELECTION OF A PLOT FOR A RESTORANT RASTER
Raspberry is the most demanding of lighting and does not tolerate prolonged shading. For fruit-bearing plantations, well-lighted, even areas are diverted, preferably on gentle slopes (4-6 °).
Culture is demanding for soil moisture, but it does not tolerate overmoistening, especially on heavy, poorly warmed soils.
Areas are not suitable in low places with closed depressions, hollows, the presence of "saucers", where melt and rain water, as well as elevated places, stagnate for a long time. The level of groundwater from the soil surface is no closer than 1,5 m.
REQUIREMENTS TO SOIL
For cultivation of raspberries of summer maturity and repair period, sod-podzolic soils of light and medium mechanical composition with a sufficiently moist and permeable subsoil are suitable.
Raspberries should not be placed on highly podzolic, sandy, boggy soils. The soil reserved for fruiting raspberries should be free from potato nematodes and from nematodes - carriers of viral diseases. Agrochemical parameters of soils: pH - 5,7-6,5, humus content - 2-3%, mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium - not less than 200 mg / kg of soil.
BEST PREDECTIONS
The best predecessors for raspberries are black and sideral steam, tilled and leguminous crops. Raspberry should be cultivated in special crop rotation, helping to cleanse the site of weeds, pests, diseases, creating an optimal nutritional regime for plants.
In the fields of culture, cultures that share pests and diseases common to raspberries (strawberry, tomatoes, potatoes) should not be grown.
A 12-field culture-rotation scheme with alternating the following crops is recommended: 1st year - vegetable crops (except nightshade); 2nd — siderates or vetch-oat mixture for green food); 3rd — black steam + landing in autumn; 4th — raspberry novosadka; 5th - raspberries entering fruiting; 6-12th - raspberry fruiting.
Return the raspberries to their original place no earlier than in 5 years.
PRE-PRINCIPLE SOIL TRAINING
Raspberry is responsive to the application of fertilizers. When preparing a plot for planting raspberries for one year, organic fertilizers are applied at the rate of 60-100 t / ha.
Every year in the spring, nitrogen fertilizers are applied in the form of top dressing - 60-90 kg a.v. / ha. In the third year after planting in the fall, phosphate (90-120 kg d.v. / ha) and potash (120-220 kg d.v. / ha) fertilizers are applied. For repair raspberry varieties, fertilizer application rates are increased 1,5-2 times.
Raspberry is demanding on the content of magnesium and boron in the soil. On soils poor in magnesium, magnesium sulfate is added in the fall - 250-350 kg / ha. With a lack of boron in the spring, a borax of -18 kg / ha is introduced. For a more accurate determination of fertilizer norms, the level of soil supply with elements of mineral nutrition is taken into account (Table 1).
Table 1. Norms for the application of fertilizers with different provision of soils on different-aged raspberry plantations
Plowing is carried out to a depth of at least 30 cm, on soils with a small humus horizon - to the depth of the arable layer. Immediately prior to planting, loosening without turnover of the formation is carried out, disking with simultaneous harrowing.
REQUIREMENTS TO PLANNING MATERIAL
Planting material of raspberries must meet the requirements of STB 1605-2006 "Saplings of raspberry, blackberry and dog rose. Technical conditions ». For planting, plants are used at the age of one year.
In appearance, the seedlings should be dry, without leaves, well developed, healthy, without visible signs of disease damage and damage to the shoots and roots. The seedling should have: the length of the roots is at least 15 cm; the number of main roots - at least 3 pcs.; the number of main shoots-1 pc.; the thickness of the stem at the root neck is at least 0,8 cm; the height of the aboveground part is not less than 40 cm. Varietal purity - 100%.
For the bookmarking of industrial plantations use zoned varieties included in the State Register of varieties and tree and shrub species of the Republic of Belarus.
PLANT OF REPAIRANT RASPBERRY
The best time for planting raspberries is autumn (late September - early October).
It is recommended to excavate at a site of a pit of 40x40x40 cm at a distance of 70 cm from each other, leaving the row spacing at least 1,5 m wide.
To make sure that the seedling is suitable for cultivation, cut off one kidney before buying it and poke the bark on the shoot: the bark from the side adjacent to the wood should be green and the kidney should not be dry.
If the root system has dried up a little at the seedling, then tear it for swelling before planting throughout the day in the water with a root stimulant.
Saplings of repairing raspberries are lowered into a hole and covered with fertile soil so that the root neck is exactly flush with the surface of the site. On sandy soils, a neck immersion of 4 cm into the soil is permissible. After planting, the aboveground part of the seedling is shortened to 20 cm, the seedling is watered, and when water is absorbed, a piece of land around the bush is mulched. The rate of water consumption is 5 liters per 1 plant. If necessary, re-water.
If you for some reason do not fit into the autumn planting season, it can be postponed until the spring. In this case, the seedlings should be buried in the ground in an inclined position and periodically watered.
Note
Some gardeners recommend that, after watering, cut off that part of the seedling that is on the surface in order to avoid the risk of carrying any diseases with the seedlings. However, there is a reverse side to this process: removing the top of the seedling, we deprive the plant of the most important nutrients necessary for root growth. A good seedling should have a developed and strong root system. The size of the shortened part (which is above the ground) should be about 30 cm.
Planting remontant raspberries - video
Raspberry planting
In the first year after planting, the main method of maintaining the soil in the aisles is black steam, which is provided by regular treatments with a cultivator, a disc harrow or a milling cutter alternately.
In spring, after drying of the upper soil layer, the first cultivation is carried out to a depth of 10-12 cm, which promotes both moisture retention in the soil and the destruction of wintering pests. During the growing season, at least three treatments are carried out to a depth of 8-10 cm. Strongly compacted soil in the aisles is loosened to a depth of 10-12,
Cultivation of repair raspberry provides for its regular and sufficient watering. On average, the soil in the raspberry must be moistened once a week, but in dry times it should be done more often, making sure that the soil is all the time slightly moist.
Water raspberries abundantly, so that the soil gets wet to a depth of 30-40 cm. The most important thing is to ensure the soil moisture before the flowering begins, as well as during the growth and ripening of the fruit. In the autumn it is recommended to carry out abundant water recharge irrigation of raspberry.
At the same time, one should not allow stagnation of water, which can lead to more damage than a lack of moisture. The fact is that in the wet ground the air stops flowing to the roots, the soil becomes cold, which can slow the development of plants, especially in the spring.
The most effective way of watering repair raspberries is drip. It allows not only saving water, but also contributes to uniform soil moisture. If it is not possible to organize drip irrigation, you can moisten the soil simply with a hose or use aryk irrigation: for this, rollers from the earth 10-15 cm high are heaped around the rows, and water is poured into a shallow irrigation ditch formed under the roller.
The system of measures for protecting raspberries of summer ripening from pests and diseases is shown in Table 2. Traditional pests do not cause significant damage to the plantings of remont raspberries, the most common disease is gray rot of fruits.
Do not use cold water for irrigation, let it warm up first.
If you veiled the plot in spring, the frequency of watering is noticeably reduced.
See also: Raspberry remontant-American experience of cultivation and variety
Table 2. System of measures to protect raspberry from pests and diseases
For the destruction of weeds in raspberry plantations of different ripening periods, herbicides are used. In the spring before the start of shoot growth against the annual dicotyledonous dicotyledonous cereal weeds, “Dabizin” is introduced at the rate of 1 l / ha. During the growing season, when the weeds reach a height of 10-15 cm, “Agrosan” (1-2 l / ha) is added. The consumption rate of the working solution is 300 l / ha of the treated area. The speed of the tractor is 5-6 km / h, the wind speed is not more than 3 m / s.
With soil moisture at a depth of 20 cm less than 70% of HB carry out watering. Water consumption rate - 300-400 m3/ ha. With severe drought, watering is carried out every 7-10 days. It is recommended that watering be carried out during the formation of the berries: in the case of remont raspberries - late July - August.
From the third year after planting, a fruit band is formed. Optimum parameters: stem height - 1,2-1,5 m, the width of the fruit wall at the base - 0,3-0,4 m.
Repairing raspberry varieties are carried out:
- pruning of the aboveground part of the plant to the level of the soil in the spring before the beginning of vegetation or in the autumn after the onset of stable frosts;
- at the height of the stalk of 20-30 cm, the shoots are manually normalized, leaving 12 pieces per 1 per square meter of plantations.
CUTTING RASPBERRY RASPBERRY
After wintering, frostbite, dry patches or cracks may appear on those raspberry bushes whose shoots were not trimmed to the root. In this case, sanitary pruning is performed with the removal of the affected shoots to the first healthy kidney. They do this during the period of kidney swelling, because at this time it is easy to determine which kidneys are healthy and which are affected.
Council
Do not prune the tops of healthy stems, as this can lead to a delay in fruiting and adversely affect the amount of harvest.
If you grow a variety of patch raspberry that gives a lot of root shoots, it's worth to remove them regularly and ruthlessly, leaving on 1 m2 plot no more than 10-15 stems. Moreover, half of them should be annual substitute shoots, and the second part - biennial fruiting.
Experts also recommend that in the autumn, after the fruiting process is completed, all the stems of the repair raspberry should be cut at the root, as new shoots will grow in the spring of next year, which will grow, mature, bloom and yield a good harvest during the vegetative period. Autumn pruning under the root is also useful because pathogenic microorganisms and pests will nowhere to wait for the winter, which means that new shoots will grow healthy.
Council
For the purpose of better pollination of plants on industrial plantations, beehive beehives should be placed.
Since the repair raspberry is quite winter-hardy, it is not necessary to additionally cover the site for the winter - a thick layer of mulch will be enough. However, in the case of severe frosts (especially with a small thickness of snow cover), it is recommended to spread a layer of hay in the area and put up a fence so that it is not blown away by the wind.
If the stalks of raspberries were not trimmed for the winter, they should be bent to the ground, pressed with a wooden shield and covered with dry foliage or spruce lapnik.
Reference by topic: Autumn pruning raspberry raspberry
APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS
It is known that a large number of food items are taken out annually with the harvest, the fertilized stems, the excess shoots, foliage, and also with the weeds from the plantation. For normal fructification of plants, all these losses must be compensated.
Nitrogen.
Nitrogen fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate) always increase the yield, stimulate the growth and development of shoots. However, excess nitrogen in the spring provokes rapid growth of young shoots, and by the time of harvest they will obscure fruiting stems, reduce the quality of berries and hamper their collection. At the end of summer, with a large amount of nitrogen in the soil, the shoots do not stop growing for a long time, they do not ripen and are damaged by autumn low temperatures. Proceeding from this, after 20-th June, do not carry out nitrogen fertilizing in order to prevent the plants from freezing.
The optimal time for applying nitrogen fertilizers is in early spring immediately after the snow melts along the “ice crust”, before loosening the soil. If necessary, you can carry out nitrogen fertilizing with a 0,5% urea solution at the beginning of the formation of the ovary.
With a lack of nitrogen, the growth of shoots is restrained, the leaves become shallow, light yellow, the productivity of plants is markedly reduced.
Phosphorus. Phosphorus fertilizers (simple and double superphosphates) improve the ripening of raspberry shoots.
It is recommended to introduce them together with potash ones in the second half of the plant vegetation - either in the summer after harvesting, or in the autumn when digging a site. Fertilizers are embedded deep into the soil, closer to the active suction roots, which is caused by the poor movement of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the soil.
On soils well seasoned when planting raspberries, it is possible to apply only nitrogen fertilizers annually, once every three years - potash fertilizers and practically no phosphorus fertilizers.
potassium. Raspberry plants are very sensitive to potash fertilizers (potassium chloride, potassium sulfate). In the fall, they contribute to the development of hardening.
The best period for applying potash fertilizers is autumn, especially for chlorine-containing forms of fertilizers. Raspberry plants are sensitive to an excess of chlorine in the soil, and during the autumn application of chlorine-containing potash fertilizers, it is washed out by rains and melt water in the spring. It is possible to apply such fertilizers in the summer immediately after harvesting.
It is very useful to introduce wood ash containing potassium and microelements. Input on 1 m2 0,3-0,4 kg of ash completely replaces mineral potash fertilizers.
With a lack of potassium in the soil, the leaves of the raspberry melt, their edges become dark brown, the tissues between the veins are necrotic. The bruised edges are warped, as in a burn.
ORIGINAL FERTILIZERS FOR RASPBERRY
Raspberries are very responsive to top dressing with the dumped manure. Usually it is introduced in spring in the beginning of vegetation in the form of mulch with a layer of 5-6 cm, evenly covering the soil around the plants.
At present, the cultivation of raspberry varieties, which bear fruit on annual shoots, is becoming increasingly popular. The essence of this technology of raspberry cultivation consists in cutting off the entire aboveground part of the plant after the onset of stable autumn frosts.
After wintering, intensive growth of annual shoots begins, which bloom in late July - early August, and in late August - September give a high-quality berry crop. After harvesting, with the onset of autumn cold weather, the entire stem is cut, and the plant development cycle is repeated.
It is important to note that with the annual removal of the aerial part and the high yield that the cultivating varieties usually give, the removal of nutrients from the soil is extremely large, therefore it is recommended that fertilizer rates be increased one and a half to two times compared with the traditional raspberry cultivation technology. Mulching with organic and the application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers is carried out in the autumn after removal of the stems, the application of nitrogen fertilizers - in the spring before the buds begin to bloom.
By regulating the level of raspberry nutrition, one must constantly remember that only the timely and proper use of mineral and organic fertilizers in combination with other agrotechnical measures will make it possible to increase the productivity of this crop in the current and subsequent years.
HARVEST
Raspberry berries are harvested manually or mechanically by berry harvesters. The optimal harvesting time is determined by the appearance of the fruit and the ease of separation. The best time for picking berries is in the morning and evening hours. For manual harvesting of varieties of summer ripening, 4–5 harvests are carried out with an interval of 1–2 days, and repairing crops are harvested 8–10 harvests with an interval of 5–7 days. Fruits are torn off without a peduncle and cup and are packed in containers with a capacity of not more than 2 kg, the height of the layer of berries should not exceed 5 cm. Sick berries are collected and destroyed. The collected berries are stored: at a temperature of 15 to 18 ° C and an air humidity of 85-90% - not more than 20 hours; at a temperature of +2 ° С - no more than 48 hours from the moment of collection.
The service life of industrial plantings of raspberries is 8 years. After the expiration of the operation, the plantation is carried out, having previously cut the aerial part at a height of 20-30 cm.
In summer cottages and household plots, it is advisable to grow remont raspberries in one place for no more than 10-15 years. As soon as the yields are smaller and the berries are smaller, the bush is dug up, divided into parts, sliced sections are treated with crushed charcoal, and then parts of the bush are planted in a new place. Sometimes raspberries are transplanted due to the fact that they initially chose the wrong place for it.
The transplant is carried out at the same time and in the same order as the initial landing.
It should be noted that the use of varieties of intensive type for the laying of commercial plantations of summer and repair raspberries and compliance with cultivation technology will ensure the yield of raspberries from 8 to 15 t / ha.
The profitability of production of raspberries with summer ripening on an area of 10 hectares is 121%, of the repair type - 189%, and the payback period of capital investments is 0,8-0,9 years of fruiting, respectively.
Increase the yield of patch raspberry will help to build a polyethylene shelter above the garden. However, it should be erected not earlier than 20-s of August, in order not to cover plants from insect pollinators.
Gardeners note that by covering the raspberry with one layer, you can extend its fruiting for 10-15 days. And the shelter can be placed directly on top of plants, without the construction of a frame. The greatest effect from such an event can be obtained on varieties Augustow miracle and Indian summer.
When installing a frame hiding fruiting can be extended for 3 weeks.
BROWNING THE REPAIRANT RASPBERRY - COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
The technology of cultivating raspberries using repairing varieties bearing fruit on annual shoots in late summer - early autumn is most effective. The development cycle for these varieties is the same as for the traditional ones, but there are differences in the formation of the crop: repairing raspberry varieties give a sufficient yield of berries already on annual shoots in early autumn.
This method of cultivation of raspberries has a number of advantages:
- the growth of shoot and fruiting on it pass during one growing season, without having to worry about the winter hardiness of the stems;
- Together with the sloping stems, many pathogens and pests are removed from the field;
- the yield turns out to be high-quality, without "worms", since the shifted flowering and fruit-bearing raspberries do not coincide with the development cycle of the raspberry beetle;
- autumn raspberry fruit is more suitable for jam and jam, since they have less moisture, such berries are better kept frozen;
- there is no urgent need for trellis;
- mowing of the above-ground part of plants and its removal from the field allow the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, carry out mechanical processing in rows, which provides cost savings and improves the care of plants.
The problem is that in our country at present only two varieties of raspberry of a repairing type are zoned - Indian summer and Heritage, the varieties Heracles and Zeva Herbsternte are in the state trials. According to experts, it is necessary to introduce, study and introduce repair varieties into production.
World production of raspberry fruits is concentrated today in Europe and North America. In Europe, the main producers are Poland, Russia, Serbia, Germany, Hungary, Great Britain. In North America, raspberries are cultivated mainly in the US and Canada. In Poland, about 55 thousand tons of fruits are produced annually, which is 13% of world production. Thus, Poland ranks fourth and is the leading producer of raspberries in the world.
Raspberry production in this country is carried out in three directions: cultivation on large plantations with mechanized harvesting of fruits for processing (more than 80% of total production of raspberries), on small plantations with manual collection for dessert fruit consumption (14%), in specialized farms with manual collection of fruits for export sales of elite products (2-3%).
Large plantations are laid with a clean seed planting material of raspberry varieties as the summer maturity period, and the repair type, suitable for mechanized harvesting of fruits. The soil for planting plantations is prepared for 1-2 year according to the generally accepted scheme (seeding of siderates, use of glyphosate-containing herbicides, fertilization, etc.).
The width of the rows is chosen to be optimal for harvesting by the combine, as a rule, it should not be less than 3,5 m. In the first years after the plantation in the aisles, black pairs with regular tillage are maintained, for the 3-4 year after laying, natural or artificial tilling with subsequent undermining of the grass stand. To control weeds in a row, we use hand weeding, various kinds of mulch, herbicides.
On varieties of summer ripening set trellis. For fruit harvesting, berry harvesters Corvan (USA), Natalia (Poland) are used. It should be noted that there are 2 modifications of the Natalia combine harvester - for picking fruits on summer and remont raspberry varieties, respectively. To harvest raspberries with a combine harvester of this brand, it is necessary to maintain certain parameters of the stalk: for varieties of summer ripening, the width of the fruit tape should be 10-20 cm, the height of the shoots is up to 2,0 m; for varieties of the repairing type, the width of the tape should be 50-80 cm, the height of the shoots is 1,1-1,4 m.
For harvesting with a Corvan combine, the width of the fruit tape should not exceed 40 cm, the height of the shoots is 2,2 m. The productivity of such combines is 0,2-0,3 hectares / hour, the collection can reach 98%. One raspberry harvester can collect about 80 tons of berries annually, the necessary land area for its rational use is 10-12 ha. The fruits are collected in boxes with a capacity of up to 2 kg, while the height of the layer of berries should not exceed 50 mm, then the resulting products are used for processing or freezing.
The production of raspberry dessert products is a very promising area. Fruit cultivation for this purpose is carried out under various shelters - tunnels, canopies, in greenhouses (both heated and without heating). The applied coated constructions primarily protect the berries from rain, and also help to accelerate the start of fruit ripening in summer varieties and to continue the fruiting period in the remont raspberry varieties.
Plants are planted according to a more compact planting pattern (3,0 × 0,25 m) directly in the soil, on ridges, in pots with a specially selected substrate. Mandatory elements of this technology of raspberry cultivation are drip irrigation, fertigation and ventilation of plantings. Fruits are picked manually in containers of different materials (plastic, paper, cellulose, etc.) with a capacity of 0,25-0,5 kg. Filled containers are installed in plastic boxes. Berries after harvest pass through a refrigeration tunnel, where they are cooled to + 4 ... + 5 ° С. Harvested berries are stored at a temperature of + 2 ... + 5 ° С for no more than 2-3 days from the time of collection until sale. Before sale, the berries are sorted by hand, removing diseased and damaged fruits. A label is attached to each container, it can be closed with a lid, film or net. The laying and maintenance of such raspberry plantations is about 5 times more expensive than traditional, and most of the money is spent on the purchase and installation of shelters. However, the high purchase price for fresh berries for dessert is offset by all costs.
The technology of production of dessert products for export does not fundamentally differ from the above-described cultivation of raspberries under cover. It should be noted that the products received must have the highest quality and satisfy all the requirements of the European Union.
PRODUCTION OF PLANTING MATERIAL
Seedlings with a closed root system occupy a dominant position. There is a special technique for organizing such production - machines for stuffing containers of various sizes, for digging seedlings, packing planting material, etc. Irrigation is a mandatory agricultural method for growing seedlings, and various types of mulch are widely used. In the domestic market, planting material in containers is sold from spring to autumn under the open sky, provided that plants are shaded and irrigated. In winter, the seedlings are laid to one side and covered with mats made of straw or other insulation, earthing up is possible. Refrigerators are also used to store planting material with a closed root system.
Breeding of raspberry raspberries with root extracts
Most of the repairing raspberry varieties almost do not form root shoots, but there are also those in which offspring appear. The greatest number of root processes is formed in four-five-year-old bushes - from 2-3 to 10-15 per 1 m2 of land. When the shoot reaches a height of 5-10 cm, they dig it out, transplant it on a new bed and water it, the soil is mulched around, and the plants are shaded from the sun. Further care of the shoots consists of regular watering, and when the shoots take root (usually after 10-15 days), protection from sunlight can be removed. By autumn, excellent seedlings will grow, which can be planted in a permanent place.
BREEDING REMETTANT RASPBERRY BY ROOT
During the autumn loosening of the site, you can dig a root of a raspberry with a diameter of at least 2 cm, divide it into segments of length 8-12 cm, plant them in a continuous row into a furrow with a depth of 6-8 cm and bury. It is recommended to cover the ground around. Throughout the season, the soil on the site must be watered and loosened, removing the weeds. Young plants need to be fed and treated from pests and diseases. In the autumn, the seedlings can be transplanted to a permanent place.
Breeding of raspberry raspberries with green pigs
Cuttings of remontant raspberries are harvested in late spring from annual shoots with a height of no more than 3-4 cm, some of which are underground (the stem should have a rosette of leaves). Cuttings are cut at a depth of 5-6 cm and taken out with a lump of earth. Slices are processed with crushed coal, and the cuttings are immediately planted on a bed in a greenhouse according to the scheme 5 × 10 cm (to the same depth at which they grew) and watered. As a soil for rooting cuttings, a mixture of river sand and peat is well suited. Further care is reduced to watering the cuttings, protecting them from overheating and hardening (for this the greenhouse is regularly ventilated, but this can only be done after the cuttings have taken root in a new place). In the future, they are transplanted into the open ground to a permanent place.
When breeding and planting repair raspberries, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the formation of buds on the roots, as well as their awakening, are not simultaneous processes.
MAIN RETAILING RASTERS
In the world, raspberries are one of the most important in the distribution of berry crops, taking second place after strawberry strawberries. Recently, so-called "repair" varieties are gaining popularity, bearing fruit on annual shoots, cultivating which allows one to receive high and stable yields annually in off-season for a given berry culture.
Soil and climatic conditions are favorable for the cultivation of most berry crops (the duration of the growing season is 178-188 days, the sum of active temperatures is 2000-2500 ° C, the amount of precipitation is 600-650 mm). Processing enterprises use fresh fruit and berry raw materials, producing concentrated semi-finished products (juices, mashed potatoes).
For planting it is better to use zoned raspberry varieties included in the State Register of Varieties and Wood and Shrub Rocks of the Republic of Belarus. These varieties are reliable, because they have been tested for many years in various natural and climatic conditions.
It should be noted that in the State Register of varieties and wood-shrub species the raspberry patch was not introduced until 2006 year. Thus, the beginning of the study, introduction and zoning of new raspberry varieties with the aim of their further introduction into production was an actual and necessary task.
Initially, work was carried out on 9 varieties of foreign selection - Apricot, Indian summer, Indian summer-2, Hercules, Zhuravlik, Golden domes, Elegant (Russia), Polana (Poland),
Zeva Herbsternte (Switzerland), then continued for 16 - Diamond, Bryansk divo, Eurasia, Firebird, Golden Autumn, Orange miracle, Penguin, Ruby necklace (Russia), Brusvyana, Cosmic, Osinnya (Ukraine), Pokusa, Polesie, Polka , Popiel (Poland), Heritage (USA).
Based on the results of long-term phenological observations on the maturation period, groups of varieties are conventionally identified:
- early (ripening begins in the second half of July) - Apricot, Eurasia, Polesie, Popiel;
- early (the beginning of ripening occurs at the beginning of August) - Bryansk divo, Hercules;
- average (ripening begins in August) - Indian Summer, Indian Summer-2, Diamond, Firebird, Golden Dome, Golden Autumn, Orange Miracle, Penguin, Ruby Necklace, Elegant, Polka;
- Mid-late (ripening begins at the end of August) - Heritage, Polana;
- later (ripening begins in early September) - Brusvyana, Crane, Cosmic, Oa'nnya, Pokusa, Zeva Herbsternte.
For the fullest realization of the productivity potential for early, mid-early and middle varieties, widespread cultivation is recommended, for medium-late and late ones - in the southern zone of fruit growing.
Productivity is one of the main economically valuable traits. It depends on the species, varietal, age, individual characteristics of the plant. High productivity can be obtained only in favorable conditions and with optimal agricultural technology.
Modern raspberry varieties should be with a yield of at least 8 t / ha, an average berry mass of at least 3 g, resistant to the main pathogens, suitable for mechanized harvesting and various types of processing. The bush of a new raspberry variety should be compact, low, with the optimal number of stems (4-6 shoots per bush, up to 12 per 1 linear meter of row), with internodes along the entire length (more than 20), with a restrained growth rate of new shoots. Fruit twigs - elastic, strong, up to 30 cm long, not hanging down under the weight of berries. Berries should be aligned in size and shape, dense, attractive, transportable.
With proper care, varieties of raspberry can be harvested from one crimson bush from 1,7 to 3,7 kg of fruit. The most fertile are the varieties Atlant, Ruby Necklace, Bryansk Divo, Eurasia, Hercules, Elegant. And the least productive varieties of patch raspberry are Indian Summer and Diamond.
Phenotypic evaluation of introduced regionalized and promising varieties of raspberry-type raspberry varieties revealed differences in the main components of productivity, the mean values of which are given in Table 3.
Table 3. Characteristics of zoned and promising raspberry varieties of raspberry for main Russian components of the productivity
Fertilization of raspberries is an important economic indicator of the variety, which determines the consumer quality of products. The average weight of berries in the ICG varieties was 33-5,6. The largest fruits were registered in the varieties Bryanskoye Divo, Heritage (more than 5 g), which is 1,6-1,7 times higher than the cultivar Babynie summer, which was classified in 2007. standard.
The potential productivity of a raspberry bush can be represented as the product of its main components. The most productive in the conditions of the central fruit-growing zone of the Republic of Belarus are the varieties Bryanskoye Divo, Ruby Necklace, Heritage, the productivity of which in terms of hectare can be 13,0-18,0 t / ha.
It should be noted that in the studied varieties, 40-95% of the productivity potential was realized before the onset of autumn frosts. The varieties that most fully realize productivity in the conditions of the central zone of fruit growing include varieties of Russian selection - Bryansk wonder, Hercules, Ruby necklace. Varieties from far abroad do not have time to realize most of their crop in these conditions.
Indian summer.
The first Russian remontant raspberry variety. The bush is sprawling, tall. Berries are medium (3,3 g), truncated-conical, light crimson, sweet and sour. Grade of the average maturation period. This variety has a yield of about 7 t / ha, in the conditions of the Republic of Belarus it realizes its potential at 80%. Fruits are suitable for the production of direct squeezed juice, nectar without pulp, nectar with pulp, freezing in loose form. The variety is included in the State Register of Varieties and Wood-Shrubby Species of the Republic of Belarus for industrial cultivation in 2007.
Bryansk wonders.
Variety of Russian selection. The bush is medium-sized. The shoot-forming ability is average. Shoots are medium prickly. Fruits are large (up to 7 g), elongated-cylindrical, ruby color. Variety of medium early ripening period, yield - up to 18 t / ha.
The variety is suitable for making nectar without pulp, nectar with pulp, fruits rubbed with sugar sterilized, and fruits rubbed with sugar frozen. The variety is included in the State Register of Varieties and Wood-Shrubby Species of the Republic of Belarus for homestead cultivation in 2015.
Hercules.
The bush is medium-sized, slightly spreading. The shoots are strong, straight, prickly. The berries are large (4-5 g), truncated conical shape, dense, ruby color, sweet and sour. The medium-early ripening variety, yield - 12 t / ha, before the onset of autumn frosts, 95% of the crop has time to ripen in the central zone of fruit growing. The fruits are suitable for the production of direct squeezed juice, nectar without pulp, nectar with pulp.
Ruby necklace.
The bush is medium-sized. The shoot-forming ability is average. Shoots are medium prickly. Fruits are large (up to 5 g), elongated-cylindrical, ruby color. The variety is medium-ripe, yield - up to 13,0 t / ha.
Heritage.
The variety is bred in the USA. The bush is medium-sized, half-limp. Creation ability is average. Shoots spiny. The fruits are large (up to 5,2 g), truncated-conical, light red, dense. Yields can reach 16 t / ha. The variety of the mid-late maturity period, the yield potential before the onset of autumn frosts is realized at 70%. Fruits are suitable for processing and freezing. The variety is included in the State Register of Varieties and Fungi of the Republic of Belarus for industrial cultivation in 2015
Zeva Herbsternte.
The variety is bred in Switzerland. The shrub is medium-sized, compact, shoots average. Shoots very strongish. Berries are large (up to 4,8 g), round-conical, dark-red glossy, transportable. A variety of late maturity. The potential yield reaches 11 t / ha, before the frost has time to ripen about 50% of the crop. Fruits are suitable for processing (juice with sugar, compote) and freezing in sugar syrup.
YELLOW RASPBERRY
It got its name, apparently, by the color of the berries. The generic name of raspberries - Rubus - is derived from the Latin word "ruber" - red. However, raspberries are found with yellow berries. A genetic study of the color trait of berries shows that this trait is controlled by several genes. Their recessive manifestation determines the yellow color of raspberry fruit.
In Western Europe, raspberries began to be grown in the XNUMXth century, and in Russia in the XNUMXth century. There is an opinion that the first raspberry garden was laid by the sixth son of the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky. According to ancient chronicles, this raspberry garden was so big that bears loved to graze in it.
Yellow raspberry differs in its unpretentiousness, it is more resistant to diseases and less demanding on the composition of the soil than the red one. Berries of yellow fruit varieties are sweeter, since they contain more sugars and fewer acids (at 44-47%). The berries of yellow raspberries are priceless for people who are allergic to any red fruits.
The cultivation of yellow and red raspberries is not significantly different. Modern varieties of yellow raspberry of a repairing type are capable of producing 2-4 kg of berries from a bush. These varieties vary greatly in size, aroma and appearance of the berries. The most popular varieties of raspberries with yellow berries are Apricot, Golden Domes, Poranna rosa.
Apricot (free pollination of species of the genus Rubus).
The bush is short, slaboroskidisty. The formation capacity is low. Annual shoots are green with a weak wax coating. Shoots are practically without thorns. Berries are medium (up to 2,5 g) tuff. The color of the fruit is golden-apricot.
Golden domes (free pollination of the interspecific elite form 8-225-2).
The bush is medium-sized, sprawling. Creation ability is average. Shoots are mediumishishish. The berries are large (up to 3,5 g) round. The color of the fruit is golden yellow.
See also: Repaired raspberry - the advantages of cultivating the repairing varieties
The best varieties of repair raspberry for the Russian Federation
Apricot One of the most exotic varieties of raspberries with apricot flavor and aroma. Bushes grow small (1,3-1.5m), but still need a garter. The berries are medium-sized and neat, weighing 3-4 g, yellow with a pinkish tinge, are easily separated from the receptacle, obtuse in shape. Productivity - 2,5-3.5 kg per bush.
The plant is quite resistant to diseases and pests. Harvesting lasts from the beginning of August to the end of October. Fruits are suitable both for fresh consumption and for processing.
The Bryansk Jubilee.
A variety of early fruiting. The bushes are compact, with weak branching, 1,2-1,4 m high. The berries are not very large (weighing 3-4 g), of a beautiful elongated shape, bright red, sour-sweet. Under optimal conditions, fruiting begins in late July and then resumes in the fall. The yield and keeping quality of the fruits are at a high level.
Plants of this variety have an average resistance to diseases, require regular care, timely watering and fertilizing.
Eurasia.
This large-fruited variety belongs to the standard varieties. Absolutely not picky about soil composition and climate. The upright bush reaches a height of 1,5-1,6 m. The berries are dark ruby in color, conical in shape, weighing 3,5-4,5 g are able to be stored for quite some time without loss of marketability. Raspberries of this variety are characterized by a sweet (but not sugary) taste with a slightly sour taste and a traditional raspberry aroma. Productivity - 2-3 kg of berries from the bush. Fruiting lasts from August to mid-September.
The plant is fairly resistant to temperature changes, diseases and pests.
The yellow giant. This raspberry variety is sometimes called the best variety for the middle band. The bush with a height of 1,7-2 m has decorative properties, blooms very well and bears fruit. Neat yellow berries weighing 5-8 g do not fall off the bush for a long time and are perfectly stored. Suitable for fresh consumption as well as for processing. Productivity of a grade - 4-6 kg of berries from a bush. Fruiting lasts from mid-July to mid-October.
The plant has a high frost resistance and is practically not affected by disease.
Golden domes.
The bush is 1,3-1,5 m tall, sprawling, consists of 5-6 drooping shoots with small spikes. The berries are quite large (weighing 5-6 g), round-conical in shape and bright yellow in color, which subsequently changes to apricot. The pulp is juicy, dessert sweet taste, with an almost elusive raspberry aroma. Productivity - 2-4 kg of berries from the bush. The first crop can be harvested from early July, the second wave of fruiting lasts from August to mid-October.
The plant is resistant to most diseases and pests.
Polka.
This is one of the most popular European varieties, the leader in productivity among raspberry raspberry. The bushes are practically devoid of spines. The berries are large (weight 5-6 g), in shape resemble a thimble. The taste is sweet, but not cloying. Berries of this variety are considered a standard of dessert taste. Yield -2-3,5 kg per bush. Fruiting lasts from late July to early October.
The plant is practically not affected by any type of disease, but it is sensitive to a significant decrease or increase in temperature.
Ruby necklace.
The high-yielding variety is suitable for both home growing and industrial production. The bush is medium-tall (1,3-1,5 m high), slightly spreading, with a small number of shoots. The berries are elongated, weighing 4-5 g, of the correct cylindrical shape, bright ruby color with delicate sweet and sour flesh. Productivity - 2-3 kg of berries from the bush. The fruiting period is from mid-August to mid-October.
The plant is sensitive to a strong drop in temperature.
Elegant.
This exquisite variety is recommended for cultivation throughout Russia. A powerful bush 1,6-1,8 m high is not prone to lodging. The berries are shiny, in the form of a wide blunt cone, sometimes reach a weight of 8 g. They have a pleasant taste. The flesh of the berries is juicy, sweet and sour. Productivity - up to 2,7 kg of berries from one bush. The fruiting period lasts from early August to late September.
The plant is fairly resistant to disease. Harvest preserves its presentation for a long time and is suitable for transportation over long distances.
Overview of varieties of remont raspberries - video
PROCESSING OF RASPBERRY
Raspberry fruits are valued because of the content of a complex of biologically active substances. Thanks to this composition, they have a wide range of therapeutic and prophylactic properties. It has been established that raspberries exceed the majority of fruit and berry crops by the level of antioxidants, including blueberries, lingonberries and blueberries, which have been recognized in the world market precisely for these properties. It is believed that a person needs to consume 4 kg of raspberries per year.
Ripe raspberries contain an average of 9-13% soluble solids. The bulk of soluble solids are sugar - up to 90%. In ripe berries, sugars are predominantly glucose and fructose. The content of pectin substances varies widely from 1 to 2,4%. Titratable acidity is 0,6 ^ 2,4%. Among organic acids, malic dominates. The fruits also contain citric, tartaric, caproic and other acids.
Salicylic acid, which has a bactericidal and analgesic effect, occupies a special place among organic acids. 16 amino acids were found in raspberry berries, of which nine are essential: arginine, valine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine and phenylalanine. A valuable component of raspberry fruits are vitamins.
The diverse and rich chemical composition of raspberry fruits determines its wide application for medicinal and food purposes. Raspberries are a valuable raw material for the food and confectionery industry.
BERRIES OF RASPBERRY: USE AND APPLICATION IN COOKINGS
A unique composition gives raspberries (and, in the future, medicinal preparations based on it) with an arsenal of useful properties. Means of raspberry are:
- anti-inflammatory;
- antisclerotic;
- antipyretic;
- astringent;
- diaphoretic;
- sedative;
- hemostatic;
- blood-purifying;
- restorative action.
The plant is used to treat coughs, sore throats, female ailments, hemorrhoids, influenza, gastrointestinal diseases, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, depriving, pancreatitis and diarrhea.
For medicinal purposes, fruits, young leaves and rhizome of the plant are used. Collecting ripe berries is recommended in the middle of summer with caution, carefully separating the fruit from the crochet.
Drying the fruit is best done outdoors, but you can use a special dryer.
Properly harvested and dried berries should not leave coloring marks on your hands.
Fruits that have deteriorated, turned black, must be thrown away.
With purulent otitis media. Brew dried and chopped raspberry roots in hot (but not boiling!) Water. Leave to brew for a day. Take inside 100 ml of the drug twice a day. Course duration - 30 days.
With bronchial asthma. 10 g dried, finely chopped rhizomes raspberries brew 200 ml of boiling water, put on a plate and boil on a quiet fire for 15 minutes. Give the agent a little insisting. Use an 1 / 3 glass between meals.
You can store dried raspberries for 2 years, preferably in a dry room.
To prepare the leaves and rhizomes of raspberries you need to start in August. By this time they will have time to accumulate in themselves the maximum amount of nutrients and medicinal substances. The rhizome must be excavated, cleaned of soil impurities, small rootlets and stems. Further it needs to be washed under running water, cut and left to dry in the open air or in a well-ventilated attic. Dry raspberry raspberries are best stored in paper or wooden boxes for 2 years.
Harvesting raspberry leaves, they need to be washed and dried, and then placed in glass containers. Shelf life is one year.
Treatment of fibroids, adnexitis, endometritis.
Raspberries, acacia, nettles, oregano, blackberry leaves, yarrow, marigold, mistletoe, chamomile and oak bark in equal proportions grind and mix thoroughly. 20 g mixture to brew in a liter of boiling water. Take 1 / 3 a glass of 2 times a day.
Treatment of colds and anemia.
To prepare the medicine, you need to take 15 g of dried raspberries and brew them in 0,5 liters of boiled water. Leave on for 30 minutes, then strain. Drink in the form of heat at 50-70 ml 3 times a day.
Elixir for raising immunity with frequent colds and coughing.
500 g of crushed raspberry roots mixed with 1,5 kg of honey and 1 kg of apex branches of fir or pine. Mix the ingredients and lay them in layers, adding honey. When the pot is filled to the top, pour in 200 ml of boiling water. Infuse in a dark place throughout the day. Then, weigh for about eight hours on a steam bath and stand for two more days in a dark place. Drain the finished juice, it should be bright crimson.
Recommended admission: for adults - 1 tbsp. l half an hour before meals 4 times a day, for children - for a teaspoon, for teenagers - for a dessert spoon. The course of treatment is 10 days with the same interval, then another 10 days.
RASPBERRY - HARM
Это важно!
Undoubtedly, raspberries are just a storehouse of healing properties. However, she, like many medicinal plants, has contraindications, which must be taken into account in order not to harm the body.
It is not recommended to use medicines from a raspberry at an exacerbation of gastritises and a peptic ulcer of a stomach. With caution, drugs from this plant are taken by people with gout and amyloidosis.
Delicious and aromatic berry-raspberries, of course, is good in fresh form. However, I want to keep it for the winter too. It would seem that it is possible to prepare from a raspberry, except for the grandmother's jam known to all? It turns out that a lot of tasty and useful things: jam and jelly, jams and confitures, pastille and marmalade. If desired, raspberries can be combined in billets with other berries, since by its presence it will decorate any product.
FROZEN RASPBERRY
Just before freezing, raspberries need to be sorted (it is not recommended to wash the berries) and carefully place them in a row on the tray, so that the berries do not gather in lumps. After that, the raspberry tray is placed in the freezer and the freezing mode is turned on. Frozen raspberries are laid out on containers or dense plastic bags and stored in a freezer.
When making raspberries, pay attention to this way of preserving it, like freezing. In frozen berries, virtually all vitamins and trace elements are retained. They can be used for making morsels, compotes, jellies, mousses and other desserts.
See also: Repaired raspberry (photo) - features of planting and care
DRIED RASPBERRY
If there is no opportunity to freeze berries, then you can prepare them by drying. Dried raspberries will be an ideal raw material for the preparation of medicinal infusions and decoctions, as well as for vitamin cocktails.
For drying, it is best to use a dense, slightly ripe raspberry (you can even have twigs and leaves). Suitable and berries with mechanical damages. The main thing is that there is no overripe raw materials.
For drying, raspberries are laid on a baking tray in one layer and placed in an electric dryer or, in its absence, in a slightly opened oven. In the oven, the berries are dried for 2-4 hours at a temperature of 45-50 ° C, and then left until completely cooled. Dried raspberries can be stored in cans, boxes or heavy paper bags.
Raspberry in own juice
Raspberry in its own juice will be an excellent dessert, which can be stored at room temperature. It will be to the taste of those who follow their shape, and it is perfect for making jelly, mors or compote.
To prepare berries you need to sort, wash and dry. Prepared raw materials are laid in a deep bowl in layers, pouring sugar. The 1 kg of raspberries consumes no more than 100-200 g of sugar. Utensils with billets should be placed in a warm place for several hours. During this time, the sugar will dissolve, and the berries will be allowed to juice.
After that raspberries with sugar can be transferred to prepared glass jars. It is important to make sure that the sweet mass does not reach the edges of the dishes at 1-1,5 centimeters, otherwise it will pour over the edges during sterilization.
Banks filled with raspberries should be sterilized for 15 minutes from the moment of boiling. Then the container must be sealed, turned over and left to cool.
COCKTAIL FROM RASPBERRY WITH KEFIR
Ingredients: 2 glass of curdled milk or matzoni (sour milk), 1 glass of raspberry, 2 st. l. powdered sugar, ice cube
We mix in a shaker or mixer yogurt, raspberry, powdered sugar. The ready mix we shall pour out on glasses and we shall add ice.
Berries can be replaced with raspberry juice or syrup. Calorie content of 1 portion (1 cup) - 170 kcal.
MUSS FROM RASPBERRY
Ingredients: 400 g raspberries, 4 st. l. Sugar, 100 g crimson jelly, 3 / 4 cup of condensed milk, 1 tsp. lemon juice, 2 st. l. cream (33% fat content)
Raspenite rinsed and dried raspberries with sugar (leave a few berries). Whisk the condensed milk with lemon juice. Mix the puree from the berries and the condensed milk with the finished jelly.
Stir well and put into a bowl, then put in the refrigerator. Before serving, dress with whipped cream and raspberries.
Raspberry Soufflé
Ingredients: 300 r raspberries, 150 g sugar, 9 egg whites, 1 st. l. butter
Rinse the raspberries, rinse, wipe through a sieve and cook with sugar until thick (the mashed potatoes should not drain from the spoon, but fall down in flakes). Hot mashed potatoes are gradually added to well-beaten proteins, gently stirring them from top to bottom. Place the weight on the oiled metal dish or aluminum frying pan, with a knife or with a confectionery bag, put a pattern on the souffle and put it on 12-15 minutes in a non-flammable oven. The baked souffle should go up well, harden and cover with a dark golden crust.
MALINA IN RED CURRANT SOUP
Ingredients: 1 kg of raspberry, 500 ml of redcurrant juice
Raspberries and put in a pan. Berries of red currants blanch for 1 minutes and wipe through a fine sieve (you can squeeze juice through cheesecloth or using a juicer). With the resulting juice pour raspberries, heat the mass and boil for 5 minutes, then immediately pour into sterile jars and roll.
Raspberry with sugar
Ingredients: 750 g raspberries, 250 g sugar, 150 ml water
Sort the raspberries, put them in an enameled bowl and pour water. On a very low heat, bring to a boil and cook for 3-4 minutes. Remove the mass from the heat and, while it is hot, wipe through a sieve. In the puree, add sugar and bring to a boil, but do not boil. Transfer to hot cans and sterilize: 0,5 liter - 15 minutes, liter - 20 minutes.
MALINOVOE VARENE "FROM THE GRANDMOTHER"
Ingredients: 1 kg of raspberry, 4 glass of water, 2 kg of sugar, 2 tsp. citric acid
Pour sugar into the jam cooking container, add water and raspberries. Cook until ready on low heat, periodically removing from the fire and stirring (so that the jam does not stick to the bottom). Before the end of cooking, add citric acid.
RASPBERRY MASHINE "FIVEMINUT"
Ingredients: 5 kg of raspberry, 3,5-4 kg of sugar
Prepare the raspberries in a deep dish, pour the sugar and put on 6-8 hours in a cool place. After that, put the raspberries on the fire, bring to a boil and cook for 5 minutes. Hot jam pour into sterilized jars and roll.
THE WINE "MIRACLE AROMATIC"
Ingredients: 5 kg of raspberries, 2 large lemon, 7,5 kg of sugar
Rinse the raspberries, rinse them and dry them. Washed and dried lemons cut into thin slices, removing seeds. Prepared raspberries and lemon slices with sugar and put on 6-8 hours in a cool place, then put on fire, bring to a boil and cook for about 40 minutes, stirring occasionally. Then remove from heat and cool. Then put the jam again on the fire and cook until cooked. Cool, place on cans and cover with capron or metal covers.
Raspberry compote
Ingredients: 1 kg of raspberries, 1 kg of sugar, 3 L of water
Raspberries raspberries. From water and sugar, cook the syrup. In a boiling syrup, put raspberries, mix, bring to a boil, remove from heat and pour into sterilized jars and roll them with metal covers.
RASPBERRY CONFEITURE
Ingredients: 1 kg raspberries, 1 kg of sugar, 1 juice of lemon, 1 sachet of gelling sugar
Prepared raspberries pour lemon juice and mix. Add the sugar. On a low heat, bring the mixture to a boil. Add gelling sugar and, continuously stirring, cook for 1 minute. Fill the sterilized jars with hot confiture and roll them. Place the cans upside down for 10 minutes, then turn over and cool.
On a note:
On the extent to which the berries were harvested and stored correctly, the taste of the products prepared from them depends to a large extent. Thus, the quality of domestic harvesting is determined not only by the skill and skill of the hostess, but also by the characteristics of the raw materials.
It is recommended to collect raspberries in dry weather, as the berries, which have collected moisture, quickly deteriorate.
If the raspberries were grown in their own garden area (without chemicals) and did not touch the ground, then it can not be washed, but simply sorted out.
Berries bought in the market, you must wash. To do this, put them in a colander, and then gently dip it into slightly salted water (0,5 tsp of edible salt for 2 l (water) .This will not only make the berries clean, but also rid them of the larvae of a crimson worm.
Raspberry syrup
Ingredients: 1 kg of raspberries, 1 kg of sugar, 1 glass of water
Cook the syrup from the water and sugar. Dip the raspberry berries into the syrup. Bring to a boil, cool and strain through a sieve. The resulting syrup bring to a boil and cook for 5 minutes, then hot pour into jars and roll.
THE RASPBERRY OF RASPBERRY
Ingredients: 1,5-2 kg of raspberry, 1,5-2 kg of sugar
Sort raspberries and wash. Let the berries dry completely and mash them in a bowl. Pass through several layers of gauze. Add sugar at the rate of: 1 liter of juice - 1,5 kg of sugar. Stir until sugar is completely dissolved and leave for 10 hours. Then put in sterile dry jars and close tightly. You need to store such jelly in the refrigerator.
Council
It is recommended to use glass jars for preservation. Also suitable are bottles of glass with screw caps and a wide neck (for example, remaining after drinking juice). The tanks for sealing must be prepared in advance: thoroughly wash them with baking soda, and then subject to sterilization.
If large-scale canning of berries is planned, then the dishes can be processed in the oven. For this, clean bottles and jars are put on a baking tray and calcined for 30-40 minutes at a temperature of 180 degrees.
Our grandmothers used to cook copper basins for cooking raspberry jam, but today they are not available to all the housewives. The optimum option will be pots or stewards made of stainless steel. Enameled containers should not be used, because during cooking, sugar may adhere to their bottom.
To freeze berries, it is good to use small plastic containers with lids. Before use, they must be washed and well dried. You can also use dense plastic bags for these purposes.
Growing, planting and caring for raspberries - reviews and tips from gardeners and gardeners
Raspberry care: mulching and double pruning
Planting in fertile soil
Before boarding, my husband and I dig a trench with a depth of 0,6 m and a width of 1,2 m, fill it with fertile soil. Its composition is as follows: with the top layer of the removed soil, mix 1 bucket of humus,
0,5 buckets of sand, 0,5 buckets of chicken manure, according 1 a glass of urea, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, 1 l ash.
All this we fall asleep in the excavated trench, we water and plant the plants.
Mulching is a must
Be sure to grind raspberries - covering material, cardboard or organic (preferably manure).
Council
In May - June, remove excess growth.
As a result, all nutrients and moisture will reach the main bush, yields will improve, and the quality of berries will improve.
Mulch retains moisture, soil crust does not form on the surface, weeds do not germinate, earthworms reproduce, which is very useful for roots and soil, and plant health is maintained.
Double raspberry pruning
Be sure to do double pruning - it will increase productivity. This technique was taught to me by my parents, who were avid gardeners and gardeners.
The first pruning is done in June-cut off the tops of new shoots at 5-10 cm (when they grow by 90-100 cm). This will increase the growth of lateral shoots, bushes will winter better, will be strong.
And the second pruning is done next spring, when the leaves begin to blossom. This will stimulate the development of fruit branches.
We keep raspberries in the framework, we do not let them grow
To support the bushes, we make a trellis, to which we tie up fruit shoots in the spring. To do this, we drive in stakes at the ends and in the middle of the row, connect them with steel wire at a height of 1,45 m.Leave the distance between the bushes 1 m, and between the rows -2 m.
To prevent raspberries from spreading along the site, we install fences from slate, dig in sheets vertically around rows of raspberries at a distance of 70-80 cm from bushes, to a depth of 40-45 cm.
Pest will not work
And, of course, twice a season we hold
processing of bushes from pests. The first is spring, before the buds open, and the second - after picking the last berries and clipping the germinated shoots. I usually use Bordeaux liquid, or a solution of copper sulfate (100 g per 10 liters of water), or other copper-containing preparations (according to instructions).
Your work will not be wasted! With such care from the bush, you will collect, at a minimum, 10-12 kg of selected berries.
© Author: V. Tikhonov
Raspberries? Only repair!
I absorb all the interesting things like a sponge: I have high beds with strawberries, fed them with ashes in winter, and vegetable beds are sown with mustard, so they left in the winter. Now I have my own house, and until 1995, we all lived in an apartment building, had two dachas of six hundred each, grew vegetables and fruits.
The difficult nineties forced to thoroughly do the housework, move from an apartment to a private house, where we brought in hens, piglets and rabbits. There are only five acres of land at the house (along with all the outbuildings), only two hundred parts are left for the garden and vegetable garden. They planted apples, cherries, raspberries, a bed of tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and from the berries - two beds of strawberries.
Still on the south side of the house there is a front garden where we planted four column-shaped apples, a pear, apricot, currant, hawthorn and flowers.
I became interested in repairing raspberries in 2013. Not very much is written about her. I wrote down eight varieties from Chelyabinsk, but only four were accepted - the Monomakh Hat, Bryansk Divo, Indian Summer and the Orange Miracle.
I planted the "fables" in different corners of the garden, where corn grew between us. Our land is very light: I sprinkle burnt rabbit manure and chicken droppings, and everything grows like yeast. I will not write how much energy I gave to raspberries, but excellent bushes grew out of the "little fables" in three years. One and a half meters high, and up to two wide.
The berries are large, especially in the Cap of Monomakh and the Bryansk diva, only because of a lack of space I planted bushes too often, I had to tie them to supports all summer - the berries pulled the branches to the ground with their weight, I often tried to pick them so that they would not spoil rains. The crop was enough for food, and for jam, and for freezing. In general, I am very pleased that I planted precisely the repair varieties. Last year, provided everyone with seedlings.
And now I want to give advice to those who are just about to acquire a repair raspberry.
It is necessary to plant seedlings away from each other - two meters, no less: they like space.
Tie branches should be already in the spring, so that it could be approached from all sides: during the summer new branches grow and bloom until the frosts.
Do not forget that raspberry loves watering, responding to it with a ripe and large berry every day.
In winter, raspberries must be fed with ashes and rotted manure or compost.
When severe frosts occur, it is imperative to cut off all the bushes to the ground so that they do not lose their strength, otherwise some summer residents leave pruning in the spring - this is a mistake. After trimming, it is necessary to fill the bushes with grass at least half a centimeter. And in the month of April you can already see how raspberries come to life.
© Author: Galina TUPIKOVA. Kalinin, the Saratov Region.
Raspberry for lazy people
Winter-resistant varieties of patch raspberry appeared not so long ago, so the novelty has not yet managed to spread widely in the suburban areas. But, no doubt, it will be popular, as growing such a raspberry helps to cope with the two main problems of culture: the complexity of care and vulnerability to pests.
SWEET, YES CAPRICE
Raspberry is one of the most outstanding creations of nature. Its berries are distinguished by a pleasant taste, recognizable aroma, attractive appearance and an abundance of healthy substances. It is simply a miracle that such a delicious berry does not grow somewhere in the tropics, but in the temperate zone! Thickets of wild raspberries are found almost everywhere where the forest grows, in the same regions and to the south of it is grown in culture.
Cultivated varieties favorably differ from savage berry size and yield, but are inferior in winter hardiness and require suitable conditions. It is especially important to provide wintering and protection from pests.
Raspberry, having a long-lived rhizome, above the ground manifests itself as a biennial: in 1, the shoots just grow, on 2, after wintering, they bloom and bear fruit. Growth shoots 1-th and 2-th year of life in one area, but they require different care. The wintering part and elements of the winter shelter often become a haven of pests that damage both berries and tender first-year shoots. Often the gardener faces a choice: you need to process the bushes with a chemical to save the shoots, but the berries are already ripening and you do not want to poison them.
SOLVING ALL PROBLEMS
Breeders still 200 years ago drew attention to the special varieties of raspberries, which can bloom in the 1 year of life. Since the shoot first needs to grow "from scratch," the flowering was late and weak, and a number of berries ripened only in late autumn. However, with the efforts of gardeners, varieties were produced, yielding quite a decent crop.
In English descriptions, such varieties are called autumn-fruiting. In the Russian version, they began to call autumn raspberries remontant, although this is not a completely correct definition. Remontance - the ability of a plant to bear fruit several times per season; Autumn raspberries give only one crop.
What is good repair raspberry? If you neglect the harvest of the 2nd year, then you can cut the shoots under the root every fall. No need to take care of shelter, wintering. The formation of bushes disappears, care is facilitated. The number of pests is decreasing - their living conditions are becoming uncomfortable, and chemicals can be used until mid-summer.
What did not?
Why did not the raspberry raspberry still drive out of the gardens? Alas, with the breeding of hardy and high-yielding varieties, difficulties arose for a long time. American varieties (Redey ng, Otton Bliz, Heritage, September, etc.) can grow only in Moldova, Ukraine, southern regions of Russia, and even then do not please the harvest without abundant watering and fertilizing. Berries ripen in September-October and often do not have time to mature before the first frost. For a long time the only domestic and more or less early variety was Babyn Leto, but it did not move north of Chernozem.
Only in our century were high-yielding varieties capable of wintering without shelter in Central Russia created. Nowadays, Indian Summer - 2, Bryansk anniversary, Golden domes, Diamond, Augustine and others have passed the tests. All of them differ in very large size of berries, high productivity, decent winter hardiness and pleasant taste.
TRACK FOR NEWS
What is the reason for such an impressive breakthrough? In interspecific hybridization. In addition to autumn varieties of red raspberry, black raspberry, hawthorn, fragrant, etc. contributed to the gene pool. But not all properties of hybrids are pleasing. Berries in many forms turned out to be unusually large (up to 10-12 g versus 1 g for wild and 3-4 g for most varieties of garden raspberries), but much inferior to those of traditional varieties. Especially sad is the loss of the bright aroma, which many consider the main value of raspberries.
Now the main work of breeders is focused on improving the taste. So, we recommend that you start a repair raspberry in the area in addition to the ordinary raspberries, and master the subtleties of its cultivation. And watch for the emergence of new products, in the near future certainly will appear autumn varieties with a classic taste.
© Author: Natalia BESKOVA, Tver
Repair raspberries - planting and care: video
© Author: Ludmila Frolova, Head of the Laboratory of Genesources of the Department of Berry Crops of RUE "Institute for Fruit Growing"
Below other entries on the topic "Dacha and garden - with their own hands"
- Autumn Raspberry "Rushbushberry" - cultivation and care
- Raspberry variety “Beglyanka” - my reviews and preparing the variety for wintering
- How to care for a large-berry raspberry
- Summer raspberry varieties for the Moscow region - my reviews and advice on planting and care
- Rosolistnaya raspberry - planting and care (photo)
- Ideal conditions for growing raspberries
- Repair raspberries in the Yaroslavl region - planting, varieties and care
- How I increased the raspberry yield by 3 (!) times (Moscow region)
- Shelter for raspberries and gardener
- Raspberry of Russia (photo)
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I have lived in Chelyabinsk all my life. The climate here is not the most favorable, especially for growing raspberries, which I love very much. Nevertheless, I was able to adapt, and now I have several varieties on the site at once.
I grow remontants - Zorenka Altai, Lel, Velvet and Tourmaline. I realized for myself that the most important qualities are frost resistance, high productivity and low pest damage. Varieties Novosti Kuzmina and High have not passed the test of time and did not suit me exactly according to the last characteristic. The berries of all four varieties are juicy and sweet, but Zorenka Altai is my favorite!
Another plus: the berries on these bushes do not overripe and do not fall off for a long time - this is important, because the site is not close and there is no way to go there every day, even in summer, not to mention autumn and spring. All the bushes overwinter well, the only thing is that Tourmaline has to bend down the shoots, but these are trifles.
In the early years, I was afraid that the plants would not overwinter, the shoots would freeze and dry. But I worried in vain - their root system is extremely stable, and every spring I watch with particular pleasure how the bushes give new strong shoots.
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The repairer needs to be fed
Raspberry remontant begins to bear fruit in August. Therefore, now, in addition to watering, it is important to feed the plants. In addition to superphosphate and potassium salt (1 tsp under each bush: you can put it into the soil and spill it with water, or you can dissolve it in 1-2 liters of warm water and pour the plant with this composition), prepare an infusion of mullein (1: 6) or bird droppings (1:12) - 1 liter under a bush.
Mites may appear on raspberries at this time (the leaves begin to dry out, curl up). Treat plants with colloidal sulfur solution (90 g per bucket of water) to control pests. You can also use acaricides, only when using these preparations on remontants, be sure to read in the instructions how many days before harvesting the bushes can be sprayed.
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When I was cultivating repair raspberries using conventional technology, I was not happy with two things: too late the beginning of the second fruiting and low productivity.
Then he began to experiment with the variety Kalashnik and solved the problem successfully. I do not have the first summer harvest. Yes, it is not necessary - there are enough berries of ordinary varieties. In addition, I am opposed to raspberry treatments against diseases. And the repair raspberry is good because, having cut off the stems that have thawed to the ground level in the autumn, you completely get rid of diseases and pests.
So, raspberries like raspberries, bushes planted after 50 cm. Fertilizers, watering, cultivation - everything is as usual. The only thing that is atypical is the trellis. It is low, with one wire at a height of 70-80 cm - I tie growing stems to it. It is easy to build a tapestry from wooden stakes.
Raspberries do not like thickening, so I leave for 1 pog. m only 4 stems, but the strongest, the rest is constantly breaking out. If normalization is not done, the thickened raspberries reach up to 2 m and come into fruition very late, hence the low yield. And all the berries will be upstairs.
I found a way to regulate yield and fruiting time. Moreover, productivity increased by 3-5 times, and the beginning of fruiting occurs 2-3 weeks earlier than usual. A simple agricultural technique helped. As soon as the stems reach 1 m, I count from the bottom 10 internodes and cut off the tops, that is, I limit the growth in height. After 10-15 days, lateral lateral branches begin to grow from the buds and immediately bloom violently and bear fruit. They are 1,6 meters long and longer. If the bush is strong and care is normal - all 10 laterals bear fruit, if weak - at least 4 pieces. That's where the high yield comes from.
But we have heat in the south in July, so the quality of the berries is worse, they are smaller. We have to shift the trim to the end of July. And still the effect is amazing.
In September-October, the berries are usually already large, high-quality. I am convinced that with remont raspberries it is possible to regulate both the fruiting time and yield.
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The raspberry root, dug up in November, perfectly treats all types of asthma.
When my friend’s son was diagnosed, we treated him like this: the root was washed, ground, 1 Art. l This raw material was poured with a glass of boiling water, after which they cooked 10 minutes. It is necessary to accept on 50 ml with honey for the night for a month.
There is another wonderful and somewhat universal home doctor - blackberry. It is not the first year in our family that its leaves have been chewing if the gums become inflamed, the decoction of the roots is used as a diuretic, and the leaves crushed into gruel are applied to the wounds. However, I like the effect of gargling with an infusion of blackberry leaves with stomatitis and purulent angiitis.
not. For this, I take
50 g minced
raw materials and pour. 1 liter of boiling water, insist under the lid for about 20 minutes, after which I filter and gargle several times a day. Healing and disinfectant effect is just great!
And against the deposition of salts in the joints will help the sunflower root. I advise you to try this tool: 2 Art. l washed and crushed specified raw material pour 1 l of water, boil 10 minutes. Drink all the broth throughout the day. Take until you feel relieved.
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Raspberry withers the young trees. This is bad?
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You described the typical symptoms of the beginning of damage to the stems of a raspberry fly. The pest winters in the soil under the raspberry bushes, in the spring it lays eggs in the tops of the stems, the newly born larva feeds on the juicy pulp of the shoots, causing their wilting, and then these tops turn black. Young stems somewhat lagging behind in development, their productivity decreases.
What to do? In April, blot out the soil under the raspberries with organic (humus, compost). This will make flying flies more difficult. In addition, it will improve the growth of stems and increase their productivity. Use insecticides with caution, since flying flies can coincide with the beginning of flowering raspberries.
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Repair raspberries have been living with me for eight years. Summer harvest is very modest.
Rich autumn began to ripen in the second decade of September, when cold rains were already pouring in full. The berries were red, but were sour. Five times the autumn harvest went 80 percent green under the snow. The fall of 2015 was warm and long, so the second harvest pleased the first time in six years. 5: 1 in favor of farewell to remont raspberries, but ...
I decided to cut off the last year's shoots to the ground last spring. Several days passed and new ones appeared. The harvest on new shoots began to ripen in the second half of August, a whole month earlier! Autumn cost without Indian summer, but, despite the cool weather, raspberries continued to please big sweet berries until the first snow, and snow began to go in early November. Probably, bushes spend "forces", which were inherited in the summer by one generation of shoots.
My conclusion is this: in the conditions of the Central band, it makes sense to grow ordinary raspberries to regale it in June-July, and repair it by cutting the shrubs under the root in spring to get an early autumn, rich, high-quality harvest.
Natalia
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Raspberries require a rather complicated care, and I have never been able to get stable crops. Until I planted raspberry remontana. Its main feature is fruiting on the shoots of the 1st year of life. That is, the painstaking work of caring for the shoots of different cycles, providing protection from pests and wintering the annuals is no longer necessary. In spring, the shoots grow from the ground, have time to bloom and give a crop, and for the winter the whole raspberry is simply cut to the root. At the same time, all pests that strive to stay for the winter on the stems, buds, inside them are also removed!
Of course, the repair raspberry also requires care. Since she lives "a year for two," and nutrition requires a lot. When laying raspberries, it is necessary to properly clean the soil of rhizome weeds, dig it up and fill it with fertilizers to a great depth. Then the roots of raspberries will form strong, they will have a good winter and lay a lot of growth buds. The moisture should be in abundance, but without stagnation, so that the roots do not rot and do not start a disease. Therefore, in dry weather, I water the raspberry, but along the edge I have dug a groove for removing excess rainwater. And, of course, the place should be sunny, and not in the shadow of apple trees!
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Tell me, do raspberry varieties need pollinators?
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Most varieties of raspberries are self-fertilized, so they can do without assistants - special varieties as pollinators. However, cross-pollination with other varieties will increase yield. Therefore, I advise you to plant on the site raspberry 2-3-x different varieties
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Heard, raspberry can suffer from sprouting. What is this disease? By what signs can it be determined?
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Growth is a dangerous infectious disease of raspberries.
If you suspect this problem in your garden, dig out one bush and look at the roots: you will see a large number of thin dwarf shoots growing from one place, which means that the plants are infected. Berries for this disease or
are not formed at all, or are obtained in an irregular form and are not tasteless. Cure raspberry will not work. Uproot the bushes and burn.
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Something is happening to my raspberries. In June, stalks with berries abruptly and unexpectedly turn yellow. When they cut them, I saw that inside they seemed to be filled with mounting foam. What is it and how to deal with it?
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At the raspberry shoots of the second year, the inside has a porous structure that really resembles a frozen foam, this is normal.
This culture has superficial roots, therefore it is rather exacting to soil moisture. In droughty weather, it is recommended to water abundantly.
Too much planting results in insufficient lighting. For the survival of the plant, several stems of the second year may die. It is necessary to observe the recommended distance between plants for each variety and the number of stems per bush.
Lack of nitrogen nutrition also sometimes causes death of leaves and even stems.
If you are sure that you are doing everything correctly, then pests or diseases may be possible causes of death of the stems. Outside, the stem should be flat throughout. If in the lower or middle part of the shoot swellings are visible, around which the bark is cracked, this is most likely a stem gall midge. The adult insect is black in color, about 2 cm long, with transparent wings and brownish-yellow legs. Flight is observed in June. The female lays eggs in the lower part of the young stem. Larvae are yellow-orange, up to 4 mm long. They live in a group and feed on the stem core.
By the autumn around them tumors (galls) are formed, in which they winter. Damaged shoots in the second year wither. To destroy pests, it is necessary to cut out and immediately burn off the shoots that have been fertilized. In severe lesions, it is possible to treat young shoots with chemical preparations.
In areas with weakly alkaline or neutral soil, bacterial diseases are possible: root raspberry and root swelling. These diseases have similar symptoms: formation of tuberous growths on the roots, cessation of growth of shoots, yellowing of leaves. Before planting seedlings, you should carefully examine the roots and cut the parts with blisters at the ends.
E. UDALOVA, phytopathologist
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The last three years, a grade of repair raspberry inaccessible disappears. The branches, as before, are strewn with ovaries, but few ripen, the berries are small, round (which is uncharacteristic of the Unattainable), inside the yellowish-white croup.
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Very few signs of illness or pest have been described, but it is possible that nothing more has been recorded. If so, then the crumbling of raspberry fruits, the change in their shape and the appearance of "yellow-white groats" inside them can speak of the result of the life of a raspberry beetle.
Approximately at the beginning of flowering raspberries, females of a raspberry beetle lay eggs in flowers and young ovaries, the newly hatched larvae begin to eat the flesh of the berries, as a result of which they change shape, grow smaller, and the larvae's living products really look like yellow-white rump. To combat the beetle during the ripening of raspberries, plants need to be treated with any of the suitable insecticides. After harvesting the entire crop, it is desirable to repeat the treatment.
N. Khromov, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
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Collecting raspberries, worm berries I put in a separate bowl, and then pour them with salt water - the larvae float. After the fruit I rinse and cook from them jam.
After harvesting the soil under the raspberry, I dig it with pitchforks - so I destroy the nests of pupae of larvae of a raspberry beetle. Fertilized stems and young shoots shorter than 50 cm cut.
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Ripening raspberry raspberries ripen from the beginning of August and please to persistent frosts. You can prolong the raspberry pleasure on 2 weeks if you cut off branches with unripe berries, put them in water and put them in a warm room.
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I really like raspberry raspberry - it can grow shoots from scratch in one season and form a harvest on them. And that it was the maximum, I take away under the planting of raspberries a well-lit (in a calm) place. In June and July I feed bushes fermented during 1-2 weeks with an infusion of bird droppings (1: 20) or mullein (1: 10) at the rate of 3-5 l per 1 sq.m.
I do it in warm weather and always after watering. As soon as the young shoots reach 20 cm, I thin them, leaving 4-6 shoots on the bush, and mulching with humus, peat, freshly mown grass, straw or sawdust over the overgrown manure. To increase the yield I give foliar top dressing (I sprinkle it) with fermented green infusion. I cook this way: I fill up a large container (can be a barrel) with chopped grass, tops, weed-weed, stepchildren of plants.
To accelerate the fermentation, I add 1 / 10 part of the sod land and manure. Fill with water, cover with a lid and leave to wander for 7-10 days. Before spraying, dilute with water 1: 20. When forming the ovaries I process the bushes with a solution of the growth stimulator НВ-101 (1-2 drops on 1 l of water). This improves the yield and accelerates its maturation, the berries prefer to gain sugar.
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We grow red and yellow raspberries in the garden.
But there is one problem - it grows very much, is ready to fill the whole territory around.
One good friend gave us such advice - to plant garlic next to raspberries. We tried, and indeed - the garlic row becomes a reliable barrier to the raspberry-invader. We have been using this technique for more than a year, and we kindly recall our adviser.
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What happened to my raspberries? On some shoots from the kidney leaves a bunch of thinned, almost threadlike leaves. And on the other young leaves are light, from the edges almost white.
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raspberry is most likely affected by mycoplasmal infection (sprouting, or "witch's broom"), the consequence of which is precisely the appearance of characteristic densely spaced thin shoots resembling panicles.
The carriers of the causative agent of this disease are insects (cicadas, etc.). Raspberry bushes affected by viral-mycoplasma infections are subject to mandatory uprooting and burning. To disinfect root offspring, heat treatment is recommended, namely, heating in water at a temperature of 45 ° for 2 hours. I believe that not all planting material is infected with you, so try isolating healthy shoots. Perhaps it makes sense to buy one of the successful new products for your raspberry-large-fruited varieties with fragrant berries. L. Barilskaya,