Thermophilic and exotic plants in the Middle Strip (Tula) - cultivation and frost resistance
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TULA EXOTIC IN THE COLD YEAR OF 7 YEAR
For me as a breeder, 2017 brought not only minuses, but also pluses. It is in such unfavorable years that it is possible to obtain outstanding, valuable, resistant to natural cataclysms plants.
Our homestead is located on the eastern outskirts of Tula, on the banks of the Upa river. This is the lowest place in Tula, so our night and morning temperatures are much lower than the Tula indications.
Winter was uneven, with temperature differences. The coldest turned out to be the end of the first decade of January (in Tula to minus 24 °, in my area up to minus 29 °) and the first decade of February (in Tula minus 25-26 °, I have several days in minus 30 °, and minimum to minus 36 °). Early spring: the average temperature in March is plus 2,7 ° (3,8 ° higher than long-term data). April is provocative, with temperature differences from plus 13 ° to minus 12®. And in May I don’t remember anything like that - 4 frosts per month, and the average temperature was 2,10 lower than long-term data, then in June - by 2,4 °, and in July - by 1,7 °. Only August and September were 1 ° warmer than long-term values. The sum of active temperatures above 10 ° during the growing season, taking into account frosts, amounted to 2056 °, excluding - 2186,8 °. I had to introduce two indicators, as some plants were damaged by frost, while others were not. What this weather in my garden has led to, I will tell below.
Nuts.
Near my house there are about 50 plants of different types of nuts growing - walnut and its hybrids, heart-shaped, black, pecans. This year they got "nuts". If the first two frosts of the plant partially survived, then the last two almost finished them off - the trees were black. In some places, male earrings and some vegetative buds have been preserved, which subsequently yielded an insignificant (more often single fruit) crop. Of the 50 plants, selective hybrid forms of walnut ES 1-K, ES 8-K, ES 7-K, ES9-K, ES 13-K, ES 15-K, GS29-K, ES20-K, ES 11 were harvested with harvest -K (for reference: ES - an elite seedling, HS - a hybrid seedling, GSP - a hybrid seedling of an intermediate type), as well as a heart-shaped nut and Siebold nut. Part of the walnut trees in my area has gone from frosts - GS29-K, ES 87-19-K, or partially gone - ES 15-K. In other areas of the Tula region, out of more than 500 walnut trees, my selection did not suffer or was slightly affected by frosts from 22 trees. In the city, walnut trees suffered less.
Basically, the crop was preserved due to lateral fruiting and secondary flowering (ES 7-K, ES 86-15, ES 87-18, ES 86-14, ES 3-32C, ES 1-40C), which once again confirms the prospects of nuts with lateral (lateral and apical lateral) type of fruiting. The average yield this year for my following forms and hybrids: GS86-1, GS 86-5, ES 87-19, ES 86-19, ES 85-14, ES 4-4, GSP 12-D, GS 86-3 , GS 9-D, GS 11-D, ESK-4. Squirrels and birds adjust the yield of nuts very strongly, especially in August and September. The ripening of nuts is shifted by 2 weeks. At the beginning of October, half the nuts were un cracked (not fully ripened). The temperature differences in April played a negative role for nuts, when sap flow had already begun and processes were underway to form female flower buds, which led to their death. Therefore, on some nut plants that have gone from frost, there was no female flowering, and as a result, no fruits.
The most winter-hardy nuts are intermediate-type hybrids (i.e. unlike any of the parents) GS 27-K, GS 28-K, GS 29-K, GS 30-K, GS 31-K. But GS28-K and GS31-K-early start to vegetate and get frozen. GS 27-K, GS29-K, GS 30-K begin to vegetate late, therefore they leave from frosts or are damaged to a small extent.
Pecans in Tula have not yet been fruitful.
This winter, grafted pecans (varieties of the earliest maturity in the US - Warren 346, Starking N. Giant, Deer stand, Carlson 3, Kanza) strongly froze, although they were under the snow. As a result, the first two varieties died, the remaining grafted pecans recovered only in July. Seedlings overwintered better. Conclusion on pecans: vaccination is good, when there is an adapted form. Yes, longer to wait for fruiting, but it is reliable for winter hardiness. From spring frosts pecans leave, because after all, vegetation begins.
Caria heart-shaped - wild relative of pecans, only with bitter fruits. Despite the cold and frost, this year it tied the fruits. The culture begins vegetation early and ends early, by the autumn the shoots are lignified, which is so lacking in walnuts and pecans, so that brown can be used in breeding as a winter hardiness donor.
Walnut black - one of the most winter-hardy walnut crops. It blooms late in early June. Usually it goes away from frost, although this year it suffered a little from them. Due to the lack of male dusting, the ovaries crumbled. However, in other places of Tula and the region, the yield on the trees was - Kutepovsky-1, Yasnopolyansky-1, Lunacharsky-1, Lunacharsky-2, Lunacharsky-3, Catholic. And Lunacharsky-1, Lunacharsky-2, Yasnopolyansky-1 gave a good harvest, but not all nuts fully ripened. In other trees, the harvest is missing or represented by single fruits. The age of these trees is 12-17 years.
Nut heart-shaped In the Tula region, it is also wintery, and usually goes away from spring frosts. This year I bloomed earlier. Female flowers fell under frost in embryonic form.
See also: Exotic plants at home - how to plant and grow
Peach.
After such a winter and spring, the flowers bloomed Memory of Simirenko, PUS (peach stable), Victor (Baltic), Saratov large-fruited and Saratov early. Part of peaches during frosts I covered with nonwoven material (Victor, early Saratov) The ovaries were in all varieties, but gradually crumbled, with the exception of the variety Pamyat Simirenko - this peach with fruits annually. There are not many, but they are large (up to 200-250 g last year, 150 g in this).
Cherries.
My grades are growing Kharkov Early, Kharkov Central, North, Orel Amber, Adeline and Dyuk Excellent Venyaminova. Flowering was good. The most viable after a series of frosts were North (4 points) and Excellent Veniaminova (4 points). The rest were isolated fruits. Maturation was at 10 days later than usual dates.
Alycha.
Good flowering and fruit bearing were observed Shater, Tsar. Fruit ripening - 2 weeks later than usual.
Grape.
Frozen frosts of variety Children's early, Moscow steady, Seneca. Early childhood ripened in early September, almost a month later than usual, followed by Seneca - mid-September. Moscow Sustainable did not get enough sugars by early October.
See also: Growing unusual exotic plants for the Middle Strip - photos, planting and care
Dogwood.
This year, the varieties Pear-shaped Kravchuk, Vladimir, Priorsky, Exotic, Coral and three seedlings from Kiev varietal dogwoods (Tula large-fruited-1, Tula harvest-4, Tula-5) bloomed and bore fruit. Despite the bad weather, there was a good harvest at Tula large-fruited-1 and Tula harvest-4. I would like to note that in the conditions of the Moscow Region in such a cold summer, grafted varietal dogwoods did not ripen, except for one - Coral, and then later than all seedlings.
The earliest ripe - Tula large-fruited-1, ripening of berries began after August 20, and by September 10, all the fruits ripened together. The most delicious fruits were at Tula Yield-4. Maturation went in two waves: the first in the middle of September, the second - at the end. Possibly, a weak moisture supply in September affected. Tula harvest-4 and Tula-5 first bred in the 11th year, and Tula large-fruited-1 began to bear fruit from the age of 6. It is noted that with sufficient watering, the fruits are larger.
Azimin (banana tree).
Winter frosts were handled well both by seedlings (4 plants) and 2 grafted plants, but from spring frosts they suffered and vegetation was resumed from sleeping buds. But this year marked this feature: grafted azimine finished growth in early August (the apical bud, or rather, the leaf, became brown), and the seedlings, which in previous years used to leave in the winter, were late this year. Fruiting has not yet been expected. Seedlings for 4-5 years, grafted plants 3 year.
Mulberry resistant to frost (withstood up to minus 37 °) and weak frosts, but this year it got. The flowering is belated, the fruits are small, small, and they matured in August, instead of June.
Persimmon Persimmon This winter suffered a lot. Of the grafted plants, only one variety remained - Kohre. From the seedlings Miader froze by 2 points, Sochi seedling - 2 points of freezing. There are seedlings of the Belgorod variety Belogorye, on which vaccinations were made. These seedlings froze least of all.
Reference by topic: Exotic plants for the middle strip of Russia
Almonds are common (edible).
This culture I have two years, is represented by seedlings of Munich, Feodosia and Kirghiz origin. Seedlings of almonds begin to bear fruit, like peach seedlings, for 3-4 year. It is necessary to have frost-resistant low-heat-loving forms or varieties, but seedlings are better. "Germans" and "Crimeans" this winter overwintered well, some without damage by frost, but damaged by hares.
To summarize, I note that to promote new crops to the north, it is necessary to grow seedlings from varieties, and not southern varieties, which in such years, heat is not enough. Only the second and even the third generation from sowing seeds will give plants adapted to your conditions. Uterous plants should be selected preferably the northernmost area of growth, where the sum of the active temperatures (CAT) above 10 ° during the vegetation period is not much different from yours.
© Author: E. VASIN, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Tula
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