We choose not decking rootstocks for plums
NON-RELAXING FOOTWEAR FOR PLUM
Aging is a serious problem for stone fruits in multi-snowy areas.
There are several ways to prevent it, and the selection of stock is one of them.
BURNING is manifested in the death of the bark and cambium in the lower part of the tree trunk. And although the buds start growing in spring, the tree soon withers (photo 1). The precipitation occurs from prolonged exposure to a temperature close to zero, which is maintained at the soil surface under a thick layer of snow (more than 40 cm). The earlier the snow cover is established, the thicker it is, and the winters are warmer, the stronger the deflation. The damping does not occur if the temperature under the snow is below minus 4 °.
Trees with a short period of winter dormancy are most prone to warming (they wake up early in the spring, but survive well in harsh climates with frosty winters without thaws and a short growing season). These are East Asian species - Chinese and Ussuri plums, Manchurian and Siberian apricots, Louisiana leafy and three-leafed, microcherry felt and glandular.
In North American species - plums of the American and Canadian, low cherries (sandy) - the dormant period is longer, but they are also prone to aging.
The Central Asian species — the louisania is volcanic (wintering in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan under high snow cover), and the Near Asian species — cherry plum, blackthorn, plum, domestic and thorny plants adapted to a milder climate with frequent winter thaws, do not vomit. They have a long period of winter dormancy, so their tissues hibernate safely under the snow.
The simplest and most effective way to combat - planting seedlings on the upper parts of the slopes and near buildings where snow is blown out. Landing in wooden boxes without a bottom filled with soil is also effective. The dimensions of the boxes at the base are 1 × 1 m, the height is -0,6 m.
Shields from the windward side and isolation of plants from snow by various materials do not always give a good result. Depending on the weather conditions, it is necessary to check and, if necessary, rake away the snow. Any insulating materials have a warming effect, and in warm winters the plants underneath them are baked.
See also: Description of varieties of plums increased yield - photos and reviews of a specialist
DOUBLE is also of great importance.
In the Institute of Horticulture of Siberia. M.A. Lisavenko work with rootstocks of plum began the famous breeder VS. Putov. He also brought out the first stubborn rootstocks. Among the hybrids of the microvesse, low x luiseania, the elm-isolated 140-1 triploid is distinguished. It is resistant to damping, easily propagated by cuttings and has good sub-war qualities in the nursery. But in the garden, the 140-1 rootstock-incompatibility showed incompatibility with some plum sorts and insufficient frost resistance.
The danger to him is not so much severe frosts in the middle of winter, when there is usually enough snow, how many cold snaps in the autumn-winter period. In other words, an unprotective rootstock is, but in extreme winters the result is not guaranteed. The issue with this stock is not finally solved. The 140-1 rootstock is worth experiencing in other multi-snow regions, where winters are not as severe as in Western Siberia. In addition, you need to pick up compatible with it varieties of plums.
The hybrids of louisenia tussifolia plum Ussuri. They turned out to be well adapted to our conditions, because combine resistance to evaporation and sufficient frost resistance. The best of them are 61-2 and 61-5. They do not propagate by cuttings. Therefore, it was supposed to use them as non-repelling stamping agents (inserts), that is, the insert is grafted into the root collar of the stock, and the plum is grafted onto an insert with a height of 30-40 cm (photo 2). Such a height of the stamping is quite sufficient at a snow level of 40-60 cm. But if the snow cover exceeds 60 cm, it is necessary to trample it.
I.A. Puchkin continued to work with non-erecting stock. In the offspring of hybrids of luiseania, the cotyledinous plum of the Ussuriysk persistently preserved the signs of luiseania vesical and had more signs of plum. Frost resistance increased, but the resistance to damping in hybrids of the second generation decreased.
Hybrids of micro-low low lyiseania vyazolistnaya crossed well with each other, with plum Ussuri and plum-cherry hybrids.
Hybrids (micro low-luminescence microvillifus) x Ussuri plum well adapted to our conditions, at the level of 61-2 and 61-5. Among them, a hybrid 3-10 is highlighted. Among the hybrids (micro low-luminescence microvessel), plum-cherry hybrids are distinguished by a hybrid 11-34. According to the resistance to damping, it is slightly inferior to the hybrids mentioned above.
PEREIDEM TO THE CHARACTERISTICS of the Hybrids' Hybrids.
For the rootstock, the ability to propagate by cuttings is important, the good rooting of rooting cuttings when transplanting into the nursery, a great growth force, compatibility with the basic varieties of plum. The rootstocks 140-1 and 11-34 easily propagate by cuttings. But the rooted cuttings of 11-34 do not tolerate the transplant. They are best transplanted with a closed root system and subsequent irrigation. With the stock 140-1, there are no such problems. The rootstocks of 61-2, 61-5 and 3-10 are not rooted. They need to be planted in the root neck of another rootstock (140-1, 11-19 XB, micro low), and only the next year they should be grafted onto them at the correct height.
Rootstocks 140-1, 61-2 and 6J-5 are medium-sized, stocks 3-10 and 11 -34 are weak-growing. Accordingly, they affect the growth rate of grafted plum varieties. But there are exceptions. For example, when grafting a weak-growing Vika variety, the rootstock 6J-5 manifests itself as weak-growing (photo 3). Plum trees grafted on rootstock 11-34 have low spreading crowns (photo 4). The remaining stocks do not significantly affect the shape of the crown of grafted varieties.
The rootstocks 61-2, 61-5, 3-10 and 11-34 are well compatible with varieties Altai Jubilee and Uzyuk. Other varieties were not studied. The Altai Jubilee variety showed incompatibility on the 140-1 root stock. Incompatibility manifested in some plants. Inoculations grew weakly, the leaves in August acquired an autumn color, and as a result, the plants died. At the same time there are normally growing and fruit trees of the Altai Jubilee on this rootstock.
Polyploid species of thorns, domestic plums and thistles are resistant to damping, but in Siberia they have a prolonged vegetation and low frost resistance. The most winterworts are thorns, whose fruits are small and tart. From the Volga region and the Urals to Siberia, so-called garden thorns with larger fruits were brought in than in the wild thistle.
These are hybrids of a thorn with a plum home. They are called "thorns," although they are closer to the turn by the quality of the fruit. In Siberia, they grow the same type of thistles, which can tie fruit from pollination with their own pollen (self-fertilized). Propagate them with root shoots.
SOME GARDENERS USE TERNOALS As an unbreaking base for a plum. Perhaps this is the easiest way to grow a plum. Unearth the thistle with a well-developed fruited root system, grow it 2 years to form the trunk and 2-3 shoots that depart from the trunk (future skeletal branches), and at 3 year, plant the plum on these shoots, retreating 10 cm from their grounds.
Such a tree will never bend from a strong wind, since the roots of the thorns penetrate quite deeply. It is better to dig one-year-olds. There is an easier way. If you have an old tree growing thorny, then within a few meters there should be a lot of growth. Choose a well-developed offspring that grows in the "right" place, and bring the plum to it at an altitude of 30-40, see. Remove all other offshoots around it. In general, when using rootstocks, you need to permanently remove the shoots.
I.A. Puchkin received a three-ploid hybrid of a thorn with Usurian plum 11-73, which is adapted to our conditions. This hybrid is not propagated by cuttings. He showed himself well as an unbeatable stamping agent for Vic varieties,
Timoshka and Uzyuk, but showed incompatibility with the Altai Jubilee. The garden turn 18-119 (selection of VS Putov, IA Puchkin) also proved to be a good stamping agent for Altai Jubilee, Vika and Uzuk cultivars, but some trees had signs of incompatibility. The garden turn 18-119 deserves attention and as a fruit crop for Siberian conditions (photo 5).
The idea to unite the qualities of diploid and polyploid plums has long attracted the attention of breeders.
In Siberia, such work is carried out by the famous breeder M.N. Matyunin (FSUE “Gorno-Altayskoye”, village of Nemal). Hybrids of thorns with the most winter-hardy diploid species - plum of the Ussuri and Canada, microcherry low are obtained. Hybrids of diploid plums with thorns, thorns, and home plums were attracted from scientific institutions of Russia, Kyrgyzstan and Moldova. Winter-hardy offspring was obtained from the interconnection of tetraploids: 7-92-21 (Bee x turn), 16-9 (Current x turn), 4-60 (Ussuri plum x stubborn), Ternols from Khabarovsk (Ussuri plum x stubborn).
Their offspring are second generation thorn-hybrids. In Barnaul, they showed sufficient frost resistance and resistance to evaporation, but plums have not yet been studied as rootstocks. Among the hybrids of the first generation, the little bee Mern. Matyunina. This hybrid propagates well by cuttings, but tolerates transplantation worse than SVG 11-19. Growth power is good. Compatibility with plum varieties has not been studied. Like all hybrids with thorns, it forms a lot of root shoots.
M.N. Matyunin is working to create hybrids plum Ussuriyskaya with cherry plum to improve resistance to obstruction. Their frost resistance is lower than that of Ussuri plum. In Barnaul, after some winters, hybrid plum does not bear fruit, while the plum comes with a crop.
Varieties of hybrid cherry plum are grown for their resistance to evaporation (they are more resistant than the Ussuri plum, but less resistant than thorns or hybrids with louisania vulgaris). Hybrid cherry plum has other qualities that plum does not have. Its varieties are good for canning, some varieties have black fruits with pink pulp and decorative red leaves. Vigorous hybrid with cherry plum 8-3-21 M.N. Matyunina turned out to be one of the best strain-forming agents for the Altai anniversary and Uzyuk varieties.
See also: Plum growing on the site-planting, basic care, reproduction and pruning of plums
BY YIELD AND COMPATIBILITY for studied plum varieties the best are the strobobrazovateli 61-2,61-5 and 8-3-21. It can be seen in photos 6 and 7 that plum trees without a blowing agent have a small yield, annually they suffer to one degree or another from aging, and the trees on the forming agents are more productive, but their main advantage is their high preservation due to resistance to aging.
Cultivation of plum on stamping agents requires a lot of time and labor, and the root-root stocks of 140-1 and Bee-eater have their drawbacks. Nevertheless, all these stocks give the right result.
© Author: D. GARAPOV, Research Fellow, Scientific Research Institute of Horticulture of Siberia M.A. Lisavenko, Barnaul
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I had a crust on the sink, which probably for two decades (inherited from the old owners) began to peel off: at first it was covered with deep cracks, and the next year the edges began to bend upwards. And now, in these opened wounds length of 10-15 cm, wood is visible.
The same misfortune happened with the old apple tree. The most important thing is that both trees give us very delicious fruit and bear fruit well. It would be very a pity to lose them. The heart just bleeds with one glance at these injuries. Especially since we do not know how, and most importantly, why it is necessary to treat apple and plum. Can we still save our trees?
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She landed five years ago three yearling plum seedlings. They settled down well, quickly went into growth, now they reach a height of about 2 m and have quite decent crowns. But they do not want to bear fruit, they have not even blossomed even once. Or rather, a couple of flowers (no more) appear on each tree, but there is no use for it.
I try to take care of the plums with the utmost care: I loosen the earth in tree-trunk circles, mulch it throughout the season, feed it with lime in the spring (we have soil with high peat content) and ash, and thin out the branches. And the point is zero. Dear gardeners, please explain to me what the matter is. I guess I forgot something else to do for the trees? Or made a mistake?