When to clean apples for better storage and best grades
TERMS OF APPLE COLLECTION AND BEST GRADE (UKRAINIAN BREEDING)
Roman scientist Pliny the Elder back in the 969rd century AD wrote: "... A blush of apple passes on the cheeks of the person who eats it." In England, the saying goes about the healing power of these fruits: "An apple a day, and a doctor is not needed." In the first Polish encyclopedia “New Athens”, published in the middle of the XNUMXth century, the author shared with his readers a recipe for longevity: “To live a long life, as Patriarch Methuselah, who died in XNUMX, you need to eat walnuts and apples.”
The value of the h-Z-2L apples in the human diet is very high, it is an indispensable food product. Apples serve as a preventative against many diseases, and also have a healing effect on the human body, stimulate the work of internal organs and support immunity. They contain vitamins C, B1t B2, P, E, carotene, iron, potassium, manganese, calcium, sugars and organic acids.
Apples are a natural source of pectins that are not digested in the stomach and are eliminated naturally, "on the way" by absorbing accumulated toxins. This is a kind of broom, gently cleansing the gastrointestinal tract.
Apple tree is one of the most ancient fruit species introduced into human culture more than 3-4 thousand years ago.
Apple-tree is the main fruit crop, which occupies the first place in total production of fruits and berries. It is widespread everywhere, in all regions of the country, regardless of their soil and climatic features. A wide area of culture is associated with its plasticity, the ability to adapt to different growing conditions, a wide variety of varieties of different maturation periods, with various economic and valuable traits.
See also: Spiral varieties of apple trees - what is it?
The best varieties, like summer, autumn and winter, have high productivity, have increased winter hardiness in comparison with other fruit breeds, differ in marketability and consumer qualities of fruits. The harvest of the best varieties can be stored for a long time, preserving the taste and nutritional value, such fruits are suitable for fresh consumption and for various types of processing - juices, mashed potatoes, jams, compotes, and also suitable for drying and freezing for the winter.
The apple tree assortment is constantly supplemented by promising novelties of domestic and foreign selection - high-yielding, winter-hardy, resistant to pests and diseases. Of course, when planting a garden, each grower chooses the varieties at his discretion, but nevertheless, the soil and climatic features of the region need to be taken into account - depending on them, varieties with a certain winter hardiness (for example, more suitable for southern or northern regions), and also resistance to the main mushroom diseases - in regions with high humidity, immune or highly resistant to scab and powdery mildew are needed. Very important is the rapidity of trees, the regularity of fruiting, the crown habit and many other economic and biological indicators.
In the collection and research plantations of our institution (at the present time - Experimental station of the pomology named after L. Simirenko of the Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Sciences) - a huge number of varieties (both domestic and foreign breeding) and hybrid forms of apple trees. We are constantly studying the needs of the market, the requests of gardeners, we compare them with the characteristics of our "trust" varieties and create new products that are more suitable for their economic characteristics of the requirements of modern agriculture.
Many samples selected in our gardens are attracted to breeding. Over the past decade, at the Experimental Station. LP Simirenko brought out 11 new varieties of apple. They have already been included in the State Register of Plant Varieties, suitable for distribution in Ukraine and recommended for cultivation in different soil-climatic zones.
WE OFFER THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BEST VARIETIES OF APPLES.
The pearl of our selection is the variety Renet Simirenko. Its origin is unknown. Back in 60-80 19 century he found in the Mlyevsky Garden, and then multiplied by Platon Fedorovich Simirenko. His son Lev Platonovich in 1880-1890 described this variety, introduced it to the catalog and named after his father - Renet Simirenko.
A variety of late-winter maturity. A tree of moderate growth, with a broad, rounded, rather dense crown with drooping branches.
Fruits of medium size and large, weight 150-200 g, round-conical, somewhat asymmetric. The main color is green or light green, sometimes with a mild reddish blush on a small part of the fetal surface, on the sunny side, and well-marked large light subcutaneous points that become light green or greenish-yellow in the process of fruit ripening; with a weak oily bluish bloom. Flesh white with a greenish tinge, dense, fragrant, juicy (degustation score 8,4-8,8 score). In fruiting on the stock, M9 enters the 2 year after planting, and on a medium-sized rootstock - on the 3. Demountable ripeness of fruits comes in the end of September - the beginning of October, consumer - in December. In the refrigerator are stored 4-5 months.
Advantages: early maturity, high yield, drought resistance; fruits do not crumble prematurely, lezhkie, long stored, transportable, differ high taste qualities.
Disadvantages: average winter hardiness, low resistance to fungal diseases, periodicity of fruiting.
It is widely used in breeding, passes on to offspring the fecundity, the keeping quality of the fruit.
Mlyevchanka Autumn - sort of autumn maturity period. The tree is a moderate growth force, with a compact high columnar-shaped medium thickened crown and fruit-bearing type "spur".
Fruits large and very large, weight 170-225 g, one-dimensional flat-round-conical, slightly ribbed. The main color is light green, when matured greenish yellow, on the greater part of the surface - an intense fuzzy raspberry blush, sometimes with strips of a more intense color, with a bluish bloom, and a lot of light gray conspicuous subcutaneous points. The skin is dense, smooth, slightly oily. Pulp is white, tender, fragrant, juicy, with an excellent sweet and sour taste (degustation score 8,4-8,6 score). Demountable and consumer ripeness comes in early September. In the vault, apples lie until January.
Advantages: rapidity, high winter hardiness, high yield without pronounced periodicity, high taste qualities of fruits.
Disadvantages: medium resistance to scab and powdery mildew, a tendency to premature shedding of apples.
Flaming - a variety of early-winter maturity. The tree is of medium height and strong, with rounded, full-fruited, flat-rounded, wilted (weeping), slightly thickened crown.
Fruits of medium size, weight 125-160 g, one-dimensional, conical. The main color is greenish-yellow, with gray subtle subcutaneous dots and a thick bluish bloom, on 2 / 3 the fetal surface is a faint crimson-red blush. The skin is thin, smooth, shiny. Pulp is yellowish-white, dense, juicy, fragrant, with a pleasant sweet and sour taste (tasting score 7,8-8,3 point). Removable ripeness of fruits comes in the end of September. In the refrigerator are stored 5-6 months.
Advantages: early maturity, high yield, winter hardiness, resistance to powdery mildew.
Disadvantages: the average susceptibility to scab, the tendency of trees to overload the crop.
It is used in breeding as a carrier of early fertility, regular and high yield.
Mavka - A variety of winter ripening. A tree of moderate vigor, with a compact, rounded or widely oval, medium thickened crown.
Fruits of medium size and large, weight 145-170 g, are fairly one-dimensional, elongated-conical. The main color is yellow-green, with an orange-red blush on the 1 / 3-1 / 2 surface, against which the dark red strokes and light subcutaneous braid points are clearly visible. Peel medium density, smooth, dry. Flesh yellow with green veins, dense, brittle, medium-grained, very juicy, with a harmonious sweet and sour taste (degustation score 7,8-8,2 score). Demountable ripeness of fruits comes in the end of September, consumer - in December. In the refrigerator are stored 4-5 months. Transportability is high.
Advantages: early maturity, high and regular yield, high resistance to powdery mildew, medium resistance to scab, high taste qualities of fruits.
Disadvantages: has an average winter hardiness, is affected by diseases of the cortex, unstable to brown spots.
It is used in breeding as a carrier of early fertility, high regular yield.
Gorodishchenskoye - a sort of winter ripening period. The tree is a moderate growth force, with a flat-round slightly loosened, slightly drooping (dangling) crone.
The fruits are large, the mass is 150-180 g, one-dimensional, wide-rounded-conical, slightly ribbed. The main color is greenish-yellow, with intense bright red blush on most of the fetus, with white round prominent subcutaneous points. The skin is dense, oily, smooth. Pulp is greenish-white or creamy, dense, fine-grained, juicy, with an excellent wine-flavored dessert taste (tasting grade 8,4-8,6 point). Demountable ripeness of fruits comes in the end of September - the beginning of October, consumer - in December. The refrigerator is stored until April-May. Transportability is high.
Advantages: early maturity, high winter hardiness and yield of trees, medium resistance to scab.
Disadvantages: unstable to powdery mildew.
Jubilee IIA - a sort of winter ripening period. The tree is weakly built, with a compact high medium thickened crown.
Fruits large and very large, weight 160-205 g, fairly one-dimensional, round-conical, slightly flattened. The main color is yellow-green, with a moderate blurred dark pink blush on most of the fetus, imperceptible small light subcutaneous points and intense bluish bloom. Skin of medium thickness, dense, smooth, moderately oily. Flesh is yellowish-white, dense, fragile, fine-grained, juicy, fragrant, with a pleasant sweet and sour taste (tasting score 8,0-8,4 point). Removable ripeness of fruits comes in the end of September. In the refrigerator are stored 6-7 months. Transportability is high.
Advantages: early maturity, high resistance to scab and powdery mildew, high taste and commercial qualities of fruits.
Disadvantages: average winter hardiness.
Used in breeding as a carrier of compactness of trees and early fertility.
© Author: Varvara VOLOSHINA, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
TERMS OF CLEANING APPLES - TABLE
This year is a rather generous harvest of apples. But do you know how to properly harvest it so that apples are stored for a long time, while remaining tasty, juicy and fragrant? Terms of harvesting directly affect the taste and commercial quality of the fruit. You can not delay or hurry!
Of course, keeping quality directly depends on the variety, but the collection conditions are also able to affect this indicator. This is especially important if the harvest needs to be realized at different times - for example, some of the fruits immediately after harvesting, and some - after a while. For long-term storage, apples are harvested at an early stage of maturation, when the fruit is still hard, the flesh and the main color of the skin are green, the covering color is not sufficiently developed, without specific signs of ripeness, blush, subcutaneous spots, and blue raid. And in order to quickly sell apples on the market, they, on the contrary, are harvested in full ripeness, when the marketable appearance and taste qualities of the fruit are revealed most fully - in the best condition for a given variety.
The fruits of many varieties after harvesting are affected by functional diseases that develop during the storage period. For their prevention, apples of different varieties are harvested at different stages of maturation, depending on the tolerance of one or another variety to certain diseases. So, varieties of apples, the fruits of which quickly overripe, are prone to mulching the flesh, amazed with Jonathan spotting - they are removed as soon as they begin to ripen, at an early stage of removable ripeness. Varieties that are unstable to "sunburn", subcutaneous spotting, wilting - at a late stage.
As a result of many years of research at the Experimental Station, LP Simirenko IS NAANU established the order and timing of harvesting apples of various varieties grown in soil and climatic conditions of the Right-bank Forest-steppe. It is established that each variety must be collected to the extent of ripeness of the fruit, which ensures their best quality and maximum shelf life (shelf life after removal). Studies also take into account the above described important indicator - the instability of different apple varieties to functional diseases that affect the commercial quality and keeping quality of apples (see Table 1).
In industrial gardening all over the world specialists are very much in demand, developing new, more sophisticated methods for determining the optimal time for harvesting fruit crops.
A number of commodity, organoleptic, meteorological and biochemical signs signal about the onset of an optimal removable ripeness. Gardeners analyze a set of indicators, such as the size of the fruit, the appearance of a typical cover coat color, a good detachment of the peduncle.
To determine the ripeness of apples, one can use one of the simplest and technically available methods - an iodine starch test. Starch when interacting with iodine stains the fruit tissues blue. The greener the apple, the more starch it contains. As it ripens, during hydrolysis, its amount decreases, and in fully ripe fruit, starch is no longer present.
For an iodine starch sample, an aqueous solution of iodine (4 g starch and 1 g iodine per 1 l of distilled water) is prepared. The garden is divided into conditional small plots and from each take at least 10 fruits of each variety, collecting them from different trees and from different branches (lower and upper). Immediately analyze: each fruit, cut with a sharp knife along the seminal chamber, immersed in a solution of iodine. A minute later, the state of the slices is assessed on a scale of one to five points.
Scale of the iodine starch test of ripeness of apples (in points)
Points | Characteristics of the longitudinal section of the fetus |
5 | The cut is colored blue - maturation has not yet begun |
4 | Appearance of light spots near the stalk and around the seminal chamber |
3 | The appearance of light sections over the entire section area |
2 | Blue color under the skin and spots on the area of the section |
1 | Minor blue color only under the skin |
0 | Blue coloration is absent - fruits are ripe |
Scale of iodine starch test
In Europe, horticultural consultants calculate the Stryfe index - the optimal harvesting period for apples of different varieties. This indicator is derived from the following formula:
(Stryfe index) = hardness (fetal (kg / cm2) / sugar content x starch content (%)
The main parameters necessary to determine the optimal harvesting time:
- - fruit hardness, determined by penetrometer (kg / cm2);
- - the sugar content in the fruit, measured by a refractometer (%, on the Brix scale):
- - the starch content in the freshly picked fruit (reaction to IOD. The result is analyzed using special test cards).
See also: Sorts of the sweetest apples and recipes from them (photo, title and description)
Table 1. Terms of harvesting fruits of apples, taking into account their degree of ripeness and the tendency of varieties to functional diseases
Grade | Basic Functional
Заболевания |
Optimal removable
ripeness |
Fruit collection start time |
Glory to the winners | Drilling pulp | Early | Third decade of August |
Calvil Snow | "Sunburn", wet burn | Average | III decade of September |
Flaming | "Sunburn", wet burn | Late | III decade of September - 1 decade of October |
Golden Delicious | Withering | Late | III decade of September - 1 decade of October |
Jonathan | Jonathan blotch, wilting | Early | 11-111 Decade of September |
Johnaveld | Jonathan blotch, wilting | Average | III decade of September |
Idared | Withering | Late | 1 Decade of October |
Rosavka | Withering | Late | 1 Decade of October |
Sapphire | "Sunburn", ripening of flesh | Average | III decade of September |
Rene Simirenko | "Sunburn", ripening of flesh | Average | 1 Decade of October |
Simirenkovets | "Sunburn", ripening of flesh | Average | 1 Decade of October |
Gagarin's peasant | Subcutaneous spotting | Early | II decade of September |
Hetman | Wet burn | Average | 1 Decade of October |
Granddaughter | Withering, poor skin firming | Late | III decade of September - 1 decade of October |
© Author: Evgeni POSTOLENKO, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
STORING APPLES - WAYS AND REVIEWS ABOUT THEM
STORAGE OF APPLES
A RICH HARVEST REQUIRES FROM GARDENERS CERTAIN KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND LABOR, AND IT IS REACHED USUALLY OU AS SIMPLE. HOWEVER GETTING A GOOD HARVEST - IT HALF: IT IS NECESSARY TO BE ABLE TO KEEP IT
© Author: TATIANA SEMENOVA, Candidate of Biological Sciences
Fruit content depends on a number of factors:
varieties (there are varieties that are beautiful only torn from a branch: there are those that can lie for a long time without losing their taste qualities);
agricultural techniques of cultivation (doses and terms of applying fertilizers, a complex of chemical and other protective measures against diseases and pests, the timing of harvesting, i.e., the state of maturity of the fruit);
temperature and humidity of the room. in which are stored apples (perhaps, this factor can be called almost the most important).
The deterioration in the quality of fruits and vegetables during the storage period can be caused by many reasons. Among them there can be both infectious diseases and physiological ones.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Infectious diseases of fruits that occur during storage, in some cases are the result of their infection in the garden, when they hung on a tree, in others - arise during transportation or directly during storage.
Depending on the causative agent (or cause), some diseases develop slowly or do not progress during the period of storage at all, while others develop very quickly within the already infected fetus and easily spread to neighboring ones (with direct contact or by air).
NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASES
- Filling, or the vitreousness of the fruit, occurs in years with warm autumn, when the fruits overripe. The vitreousness of the skin and pulp appears, then its ripening.
- Frozen freezing occurs with prolonged exposure to temperatures below -2 'C. When freezing, apples are thawed gradually at a temperature of + 2 'C and normal relative humidity, after which they must be implemented as soon as possible.
- Bitter dimple of the fruit - slightly impressed rounded, brown in color, spots with a diameter of 2-5 mm appear on the surface of the fruit. The reason is an unbalanced diet (low content of calcium in the fruits, an excess of nitrogen, high doses of potassium and magnesium).
The most common and harmful infectious diseases during the storage of apples are as follows.
Fruit rot, or moniliosis, can develop both in the garden and during storage. The defeat begins with a small brown spot, which, growing extremely fast, can cover the entire fruit in a few days. The flesh becomes brownish-brown, friable, acquires a sweetish-wine unpleasant taste.
On fruits that are still infected in the garden, yellowish pads of the fungal spores form, which are arranged in even concentric circles.
When fetuses are infected during storage, the spore on the fetal surface, as a rule, develops. The fruit is quickly mummified. The mummy of fruit rot on the surface is smooth, shiny, black with a bluish tinge.
Bitter gleyosporioznaya rot, or anthracnose of apples, manifests itself after the harvest, although their infection occurs in the garden. The flesh is bitterish, sharply limited from healthy tissue.
Gray rot is manifested in the form of gray rot of fruits with the formation of a gray fluffy spore on them. Over time, many rotten sclerotia form on the decayed fruit (seals of the mycelium of the causative agent of the disease). Infection can reach the fruit even in the garden or during transportation, but the development of rot itself occurs already during storage. Spores of the fungus spread easily through the air.
Below other entries on the topic "Dacha and garden - with their own hands"
- To spoil the apple trees - the main points
- Cultivation and care for apple trees: recommendations for beginning gardeners
- The experience of planting an apple tree with 100% survival rate - pros and cons
- Clonal stocks for the apple tree - what is it? Advantages of apple trees on clone stocks
- Varieties of apples with red flesh - surprise neighbors
- Why the apple trees are crying
- Apple trees and apples: cultivation in the Vladimir region
- How to properly plant on one apple tree several varieties
- Winter-hardy apple trees are NOT frost-resistant - how to choose the right winter-hardy variety
- Old varieties of apple trees
Subscribe to updates in our groups and share.
Let's be friends!
#
Apples of late varieties are removed from the trees after 20 October, necessarily in sunny weather. And immediately my them with a soap sponge right in the garden.
Then rinse with clean water, put in plastic boxes for fruit and dry in a summerhouse on the street (at least 24 hours).
Closer to the evening we pack the harvest - each apple is wrapped in a food film and laid out with petioles to the bottom of the box in one layer in boxes, which we lower into the cellar and put one on one shelf. As a result, of 10 boxes, a maximum of three fetuses can be bent. Before laying the harvest, the cellar is treated with smoke from the sulfur checker.
#
Apple tree Evelina (planted in the spring of 2017.) Generally develops well. But the leaves began to turn yellow and dry up. Processed and fed, as expected. Advise what to do.
#
Evelina apple cultivar is a clone of the German Pi-nova variety, which successfully grows and fructifies well in the Vinnytsia region, which means that the cause of yellowing and drying of leaves in the early summer period can be only one - there is no food in the above-ground part. Why?
Perhaps because of:
lack of watering during a drought;
damage to the rod in the root neck area (carefully inspect this place);
damage to the root system by the larvae of the May beetle, rats or mice (when the trunk is rocked, the tree is easily removed from the ground).
#
My apple trees give excellent harvests. I am sure that it is a merit of grain feeding - every month I dig in stubble slices in the root zone. I noticed that there was much more fruit in the trees. And under the apple trees, I plant the remains of tomato seedlings to protect trees against fungal diseases. I collect apples with a special net.
Fruits before laying for storage 10 minutes I keep in an aqueous solution of iodinol (I buy in a drugstore). Then I take the apples, do not wipe them, but let them dry naturally. I put them in boxes and store them in the basement. Lies superb!