Potato diseases: description and treatment
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TROLLEY DISEASES - DESCRIPTION AND FIGHTING WITH THEM
Some time after putting it in storage, I discovered that the tubers were covered with dark, slightly indented spots. Advise how to get rid of this scourge ".
Nikolay Shendrik
Potatoes - the second bread, an important food product and one of the main sources of carbohydrates and proteins. And the mineral elements and vitamins that it contains are valuable components of a healthy diet. However, gardeners know how bad it is when potatoes are sick. Potato diseases affect the shelf life of tubers, spoil their appearance and can even leave without a crop. To keep the tubers healthy, you need to take care of them, starting with planting in the field and ending with storage in cellars and cellars.
During the growing season and storage of potatoes subjected to numerous diseases.
See also: We evaluate potato varieties: resistance to diseases and pests
POTATO DISEASES: DESCRIPTION
The most harmful of them - fitoftoroz The main danger lies in the fact that the disease develops at lightning speed and can destroy the entire crop. Tubers are infected in the field and during harvest. On their surface, solid brownish-gray depressed spots are formed. The disease spreads to the inside of the tuber in separate sections, the so-called "tongues". The affected tubers rot very badly at the beginning of storage, when the temperature in the storage facilities is rather high.
Risectoniasis - a common disease, especially if there was a long rainy and cold spring. Tubers form easily scraping black warts that look like lumps of adherent soil. Sometimes, on the tops of the tubers, near ocelli, oozing depressed spots with a diameter of 1 -3 cm appear, which fail when pressed. Such tubers are completely unsuitable for storage and planting.
In recent years, potato tubers are increasingly affected by different types of scab. One of them is common scab. Brown ulcers of irregular shape and various sizes are formed on the surface of tubers. The development of the disease is promoted by dry and hot weather, the introduction of fresh manure for potatoes, large doses of lime, non-compliance with crop rotation.
Fomoz one of the most dangerous diseases of potatoes. At the beginning, a small dark and depressed spot appears on the tubers. In the future, the stain increases and deepens, turning into an ulcer with a tightly stretched skin, which cracks at high humidity. Development fomose rot when storing tubers high relative humidity of air (more than 80%) and temperature above 5 ° C, as well as the presence of mechanical damage contribute. By spring, the affected tubers in most cases completely rot. The disease spreads through the soil and planting tubers.
Among the most common and dangerous diseases that can cause damage to 85% tubers dry (fusarium) rot. The disease manifests itself several weeks after the storage of potatoes. Initially, a grayish-brown, dull, slightly indented stain appears on the tuber. The flesh under the spot becomes dry, rotten, the skin is wrinkled, in the affected part of the tuber voids are formed, filled with mycelium. The disease is promoted by increased temperature and high humidity during storage of potatoes.
At defeat anthracnesom in the stolon part of the tuber there are depressed spots K? dark gray with fuzzy outlines that increase over time, microsclerotia are formed under the peel and on the surface of the tuber. The affected part of the tuber is rotting, turning into a pasty mucous mass.
Favorable conditions for the development of the disease - high temperature and humidity. The main source of infection is diseased tubers and plant debris.
Ring rot on the tuber can be detected by cutting it along. At first, the affected areas become soft and turn yellowish, then rot forms on them. Infection of tubers occurs during harvesting, but the disease manifests itself mainly during storage. The disease is promoted by increased temperature and high soil moisture.
Black leg spread everywhere, affects potatoes in all phases and periods of its development. With early development of the disease, the tubers do not form, and with a later, if they do, they have a hidden lesion. Externally, these tubers are no different from healthy. but they are the sources of the spread of wet rot. The flesh of the tuber, most often in the stolon part, turns into a colorless, pasty mucous mass. The disease contributes to high humidity and elevated temperature of the soil. The source of the disease is seed tubers.
Brown Bacterial Rot - quarantine disease. Its first signs - wilting of leaves and stems on sunny days - appear in the flowering phase, the beginning of the formation of tubers. Bacteria invade tubers from affected stems. When pressed on them stand out droplets of dirty white mucus. As a result, the tubers completely rot, although the cortical layer remains indestructible for a long time. High soil moisture and air temperature contribute to the development and spread of the disease. The source of infection is soil and plant sites.
Mixed rot appears mainly due to mechanical damage to potato tubers. The tissue of the injured tuber softens. it turns into a rotting mucous mass of brown with an unpleasant odor. The development of the disease is promoted by sharp fluctuations in temperature and high humidity during storage.
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POTATO DISEASES: TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
To limit the spread and harmfulness of potato diseases, it is necessary to carry out a set of protective measures.
Observe crop rotation, that is, return the potatoes to their previous place no earlier than in 3-4 of the year. It is advisable to plant potatoes in areas where the best predecessor crops (legumes, grains, perennial herbs, etc.) grew, which not only cleanse the soil of infections, but also provide nutrients to it.
Before planting, it is recommended to treat potato tubers with Fitosporin (0.2 kg) and Trichodermin (2.0 l) of biological preparations for 30 l of water / ton of tubers. During the growing season, the tubers must be treated three or four times with a mixture of planriz biological products (1 l per 1 ha), Trichodermin (2 l per 1 ha) and Fitohelp (1 l per 1 ha).
During the growing season of potatoes, potash fertilizers and trace elements should be applied to the soil (boron, copper, manganese). At the same time, one should not allow an oversupply of fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, and it is also better to refrain from introducing fresh manure.
To the surface layer of soil is not compacted, it is necessary to constantly carry out mechanical processing of the rows.
Before harvesting potatoes, it is necessary to mow the tops in a timely manner, remove plant residues from the field. After harvesting, the tubers should be carefully sifted, dried and poured with ordinary wood ash (200 g for 10 kg of tubers).
Potatoes should be stored in well-ventilated basements, cellars or pits. Before laying the tubers for winter storage, the room must be carefully prepared: clean from last year’s remains, whitewash the walls and ceiling with freshly quenched lime (2,5 kg per 10 l of water with 30 g of iron or 100 g of copper vitriol).
Only timely, comprehensive and correct application of measures to protect potatoes will allow to obtain a high and high-quality crop.
See also: Pests and diseases of potatoes - how to deal with them
POTATO DISEASES AND THE FIGHT AGAINST THEM - VIDEO
© Author: Anna TKALENKO, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences,
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one common misconception that can only lead to new troubles. We are talking about the fight against viruses in the following way: supposedly it is necessary in the fall, after the appearance of light frosts, to pollinate the ground with quicklime (fluff) and, if possible, repeat this procedure in the spring. I would not advise doing this under any circumstances, since applying lime directly under the potatoes can contribute to the development of scab. If you really want to use fluff, then it should be applied only under the culture preceding the potato.
But the selection of tubers for planting is of paramount importance. And it must be carried out even during harvesting, choosing tubers of the correct shape for seeds, with characteristic features of the variety, taken from under the most productive and outwardly healthy bushes. In science, this is called clone selection. By applying it constantly, you can extend the life of any variety.
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about diseases that potatoes are susceptible to, and about methods of combating them.
The widespread idea that complexes of certain agricultural techniques can cure a potato from all misfortunes is not entirely true: in this way you can only get rid of fungal misfortunes, but not viral ones. Because in this case, the carriers of the ailments live in living plant cells, and no treatment of the soil and tubers can get rid of them. Therefore, the frequently encountered advice to plow to the full depth of the arable layer in order to warm up the earth as much as possible and thereby destroy viruses will also not lead to anything good.
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Potato tubers are completely in black spots, seals go to a depth of 1 cm, they have to be cut. What is sick of potatoes? How to get rid of the problem this season?
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- Judging by the description, the potato is infected with phomosis (button rot, gangrene of tubers). The causative agent of the disease is a mushroom. Infection occurs in the field during the formation of tubers, as well as during harvesting.
Phomosis usually appears a few weeks after harvesting. The peak of the disease occurs in January-April. By spring, the tubers completely rot.
The first signs of phomosis are dark spots of a vague form on the leaves of plants. On the stems you can observe small growths in the form of balls. However, symptoms may be less noticeable if you use late blight protection because they inhibit the development of phomosis. In order not to encounter a problem this year, I recommend a set of preventive measures:
- Do not plant infected tubers, as the causative agent remains in them;
- before planting for about half an hour, warm the tubers in a warm solution of a copper-containing preparation;
- plant potatoes, taking into account crop rotation rules, since the causative agent of the disease can persist in the soil;
- after harvesting, remove all plant residues from the site;
- hold the part of the crop that you plan to plant in the future, IQ-20 days in the open air, which will help the potato to clear itself of infections hiding on the surface of the tubers and improve their keeping quality.
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The main symptom of infection of potatoes with viruses is the appearance of filamentous sprouts during germination. If the proportion of such tubers prevails, the planting material must be urgently replaced.
Currently, potatoes infect more than 20 viruses, which, having accumulated, cause shredding, stiffening of tubers and lower yields. On the leaves, the diseases manifest as mottled, mosaic, waviness and curling of leaves, yellow dwarfism. Infection of healthy plants occurs as a result of mechanical damage during planting, when caring for plants and harvesting. The main carriers of viruses during the growing season are sucking insects, such as aphids, cicadas, wireworms and, of course, the Colorado potato beetle.