Elderberry - types and varieties, name and photo. Useful properties of elderberry, planting and care
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Cultivating Elderberry - Varieties and Species
It is believed that the scientific name of elderberry comes from the Greek sambuke - the name of a musical instrument that was made from its wood.
Most elderberry species are deciduous shrubs or small trees, and perennial grasses are found among them. Large leaves are opposite and have a feathery dissected plate.
Small white or cream flowers are collected in large multi-flowered inflorescences, located on the tops of the shoots.
It is time to bloom in late spring - early summer. In mid-late summer, the fruits ripen. They are small, juicy, berry-like, bright red or black, shiny.
BUSIN: USEFUL PROPERTIES
Elderberry has been known to man since ancient times, but has recently become widely used for decorative purposes. Other areas of its application are cooking and medicine. In ancient times, there were beliefs that endowed this shrub with mystical powers.
Healing properties of elderberry species are not confirmed by modern science. Nevertheless, decoctions and infusions of the flowers and fruits of these plants were widely used by the inhabitants of both the Old World and the New
But elderberry flowers and berries are still used in food, in a number of countries - on an industrial scale. In England is very popular. black elderberry syrup (Elderberry Cordial). It is diluted with water and get a refreshing drink with an extremely pleasant aroma. In some European countries, black elderberry flowers are added to wines and liqueurs to impart a unique bouquet. Black elderberry berries are used to make jams, jams, juices, make wine.
Elderberry species are excellent honey plants and during the flowering period they attract many pollinators to the garden. The berries of this shrub hunt birds, often preferring them to the crops that people grow for their table. This feature allows you to save the harvest of berry crops, without offending birds.
1. (Above) Elderberry racemose, or red, "Sutherland Gold"
2. Black elderberry "Black Lace"
3. Canadian elder
4. Black elderberry "Aureomarginata"
See also: Buzina (photo) species and varieties, planting and care
RED BUZINA
Elderberry or red (Sambucus racemosa), widespread in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Russia, Canada, USA).
Deciduous shrub or small tree 2-6 m tall, with a dense crown of broadly ovate. Large leaves consist of several pairs of dentate along the edges of the shares. In the spring when blooming, they are often painted in dark red or purple. Pounded, emit a peculiar unpleasant smell. It is believed that mice and flies cannot stand him.
Dense greenish-yellow oval-shaped inflorescences consist of many small flowers. Flowering usually occurs in the second half of May and lasts 2-3 week. Small bright red fruits ripen in the second half of July. They are collected in dense clusters, which look spectacular among the rich green foliage.
The type is characterized by undemanding and unpretentiousness, rapid growth, frost resistance. In harsh winters in the northern regions, young shoots may frost up, but the plant quickly recovers in spring.
Red elderberry has a variety of decorative forms and varieties, including those with golden and finely-chopped foliage, with pink flowers, with yellow-orange fruits. The species is often found in culture in the standard form.
BLUE BUSH
Elderberry black (Sambucus nigra) in nature found in Europe. Asia Minor, North Africa, Transcaucasia, in the southern regions of the European part of Russia, in the eastern part of the United States.
Deciduous shrub or small tree height 2-6 m. In favorable conditions, some specimens can reach 10 m in height. Thick spreading crown usually has a spherical shape. Large leaves consist of several pairs of dentate along the edges of the shares. Young shoots and ground leaves emit an unpleasant smell. Small ivory flowers are collected in large corymbose inflorescences. They have a pleasant, slightly lemon flavor.
Flowering begins in June and lasts for 3-4 weeks or more. Juicy shiny fruits are painted in black and purple tones, ripen in August and September. They are very fond of birds, especially forest pigeons wood pigeons.
In general, black elderberry is quite unpretentious, but prefers warmer regions than red. In the middle lane frosting in harsh winters, but successfully restored in spring.
Black elderberry has a number of varieties and decorative forms, including those with white and yellow variegated foliage, with dark red foliage and pink flowers, with a strongly dissected leaf blade.
BUSANA CANADIAN
Canadian elderberry (S. canadensis) common in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. In the south, the range reaches to Central America (Panama).
In general, this species is similar to the black elderberry. Deciduous shrub up to 3 m tall, sometimes higher. Large leaves consist of several pairs of dentate along the edges of the shares. Small ivory flowers are collected in large corymbose inflorescences. They have a light, specific aroma. Flowering begins in July and lasts 10-14 days. Juicy shiny fruits painted in dark purple tones, ripen in September-October. They are very fond of birds.
It is characterized by rapid growth, shade tolerance. It reacts poorly to excessive air dryness. In conditions of central Russia gives better results than the black elderberry.
The species has several decorative forms, including those with finely dissected leaves, with golden leaves and greenish fruits.
Buzyna grassy
Elderberry herb (S. ebulus) in nature, wind flows in Central and Southern Europe, in southwest Asia, in the Caucasus, in the southern regions of the European part of Russia.
Perennial herbaceous plant height 0,5-2 m. It has a powerful creeping rhizome up to 2-3 m long. Stems erect, strong, usually not branching. Large leaves consist of several pairs of dentate along the edges of the shares. Small, white or slightly pinkish outside flowers are collected in large corymbose inflorescences, which are located on the tops of the stems. They, like the green parts of the plant, have a specific aroma. Flowering is long, from May to July. Juicy shiny fruits are painted in dark, almost black tones, ripen in August-September.
3. Black elderberry "Eva"
4. Black elderberry "Fastigiata"
5. Elderberry racemose, or red, "Lemon Lace"
BUSINA: CARE
Elderberry is quite unpretentious. However, for normal development, it requires a sunny, or at least semi-shady, location. Good lighting is especially important for decorative forms with unusual leaf color. Soils for the cultivation of this shrub are suitable for various, including excessively wet, any degree of acidity. But, of course, the best results will be achieved on fairly fertile substrates.
LANDING
Planting and transplantation is usually carried out in spring or late summer - early fall. A complex mineral fertilizer is added to the soil for planting. The root neck should be at ground level. The seedling is abundantly watered. If the weather is dry and warm enough, regular watering is recommended for a month after planting.
In the future, elder does not require special care. Pristvolny circles of young seedlings contain free from weeds. Nutritional compost is scattered around them in the fall or spring. Adult bushes need additional watering during dry and hot periods.
CARE OF PLANTING
In general, the types of elderberry are hardy enough. When frosting bushes quickly restored. Decorative forms of all kinds are more thermophilic and in the northern regions may require light shelter for the winter.
Elderberry species very rarely suffer from diseases and pests. Sometimes the bushes start aphid. Help from this scourge can preventive spring spraying karbofos or decis.
CROPPODATION
Elderberry propagates by seeds and vegetatively (cuttings, layering).
Seed propagation is used for natural species. The properties of varieties and decorative forms are not preserved with this method. Sowing is carried out in autumn, without preliminary stratification. Seeds are placed in grooves 2-2.5 cm deep, the distance between the rows is 25-30 cm. By the fall of next year, seedlings usually reach a height of 1,5 m. In spring, they can be planted in a permanent place.
Vegetative breeding method allows you to save all the properties of varietal plants. Green cuttings are cut from the shoots of the current year in June and July. Rooting occurs easily and quickly, even without the use of special preparations. Layers are obtained by bending and securing one of the shoots on the ground. This should be done in spring or autumn. Received young specimens bloom already on 3-4-th year. An elder herbaceous, like any herbaceous perennial, can be propagated by dividing the bush during transplantation.
1. Canadian elder
2. Elderberry racemose or red "Sutherland Gold"
3. Elderberry herbaceous
PLACE IN THE GARDEN
In gardening, elderberry species are used for planting against the background of lawn and buildings. Good and a separate bush of elder by the veranda, gazebo, pond. An elder has a brush-like shape, the foliage and flowers of which have a not too pleasant smell, traditionally planted in Russia at compost heaps and toilets.
Lush bushes camouflage these objects, and the smell of the plant deters flies. Spectacular and often with modest size decorative forms of elderberry look great in mixborders, especially in the background. For such plantings use varieties with unusually colored leaves (dark red, golden, variegated). These specimens look wonderful during the whole season, and not just during the flowering and fruiting period.
See also: Growing black elderberry - planting and care, varieties
OUR REFERENCE
The genus of elderberry (Sambucus) from the Adoxaceae family includes about 25 species distributed throughout the globe. Previously, these plants were included in the family Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae), but recent genetic studies have changed their place in the classification.
ELDER BEAUTY AND EASY
Tell me, is Black Lace elderberry only decorative? Or can it be used to good use as usual? Are there any features when planting and caring for her?
Galina
- In contrast to the red elderberry common in the middle strip, there is a more southern shrub - Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra). In recent years, nurseries have been actively offering its new decorative variety Black Lace, also known under the other name Eva. Of course, a plant of this variety is less hardy and more demanding on growing conditions than B. red.
For planting Black Lays (seedlings with ZKS can be planted during the season) choose a nook with good lighting and protection from cold winter winds. The soil should be loose and nutritious. A mixture of humus, soddy earth, peat and sand (2: 2: 1: 1), and, depending on the acidity of the soil, dolomite flour or lime (pH should be 5,5-6,5) should be added to the planting pit.
Features of care
Before flowering, annually feed the plant with organic and mineral fertilizers.
If in spring some of the shoots are left without leaves, they will need sanitary pruning, and the bush will need watering in the dry season.
With good care, annual growths will be 50 cm each, and a ha part of the bush that will freeze will completely recover.
By the way, the plant gives edible fruits. They are sweet and sour and suitable for making syrup, jelly, jelly, jam, pastille, as well as for tinting wine and juice.
ELDER IS USEFUL ALL
An elder bush grows on a recently purchased plot. My wife and I want to dig it out. But the mother-in-law says that the berries of the plant are good for human health. Is it so?
Artem Klimov, Orsha
- Yes it's true. Moreover, in folk medicine, all parts of the plant are used.
Flowers - in the treatment of neuralgia, as an expectorant and diaphoretic. Decoctions and infusions are prepared from them, which are good for colds, sore throats, and respiratory diseases.
Decoction: 1 tbsp. flowers pour 1 tbsp. hot water. Bring to a boil and simmer over low heat for 15 minutes. Drink warm at 0 tbsp. 5-2 times a day before meals. It also helps with arthritis, gout, rheumatism.
Scalded with boiling water, tissue bags with elder flowers are used as poultices in the treatment of neuralgia and joint diseases. In this case, elderberry and chamomile flowers can be mixed in equal parts.
An infusion of the bark has diaphoretic, diuretic and laxative properties. Adding 1/4 dried flowers to tea leaves will make it more fragrant and healing.
A patient with stomach cancer can be given jam as an aid: 1 kg of berries, the same amount of sugar and 1 - 2 tbsp. water. Grind the berries, add sugar and water, cook until thickened. Infusion of elderberries has a diuretic and choleretic effect. Doctors recommend it for diseases of the liver, kidneys, especially those accompanied by edema.
Infusion: 1 tbsp pour berries 1 tbsp. boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, strain. Drink 1/4 tbsp. in 15 min. before meals 3-4 times a day.
An infusion of fruits prepared in a cold way is used for constipation: 10 g of fruits in the evening, pour 1 tbsp. cold boiled water, and in the morning, slightly heated, strain and drink.
FOR THE NOTICE
Elderberry is used to improve the soil: its fallen leaves quickly rot, enriching the soil with organic and mineral substances.
Elderberry well repels rats, mice and insect pests - moths, codling moths.
IMPORTANT!
Non-hardy varieties (for example, Purpurea, Laciniata) in the middle lane and to the north can only be grown in tubs (at least 5 liters), pruning heavily. In the summer they are exposed to the air, for the winter they are cleaned in a bright, cool room.
© Author: Irina ISAEVA, Doctor of Biol. Sciences, Moscow
Cultivating Elderberry - Care Video
© Author: M.Novoselova Photo: Yury Roskov
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From the forest he brought a black elderberry, which he planted in the garden. But I read that for good pollination on the site, it is desirable to have at least two plants of different varieties. Tell me, will my lonely wildflower bloom?
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- I assume that from the forest you brought a seedling (grown from seeds) of black elderberry. His berries may be small and with a pronounced tart taste. The plant will bloom, but the harvest may be poor. But if you want to get impressive yields with pleasant-tasting fruits, I recommend planting varietal plants or selected seedlings (the most productive plants selected from seedlings with large fruits and excellent taste). For cross-pollination, it is enough to have two plants of different varieties on the site.
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The roots of black elderberry are widely used to normalize the condition of people with mild diabetes. In addition, it is a good laxative.
In the treatment of diabetes need to make a decoction of the root. I take 10 g of crushed raw materials for 200 ml of water, boil for 10 minutes, cool and drink 1 Art. l 3 once a day. A laxative effect can be achieved if you drink this dose once a night.