Drainage of a site with a high level of groundwater by one's own hands
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PARTICIPATION DRAINAGE ON YOUR OWN HANDS - THE SPECIALIST ADVISES
FOR LAND AREA WATER MODE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT:
WHAT IS THE VOLUME OF WATER AT THE UNIT OF THE SQUARE, HOW MUCH IT IS RESTRICTED IN THE ARABLE LAYER, AS LONGER THE SOIL REMAINS HUMIDITY. A SPECIALIST IN THE FIELD OF LAND USE TALKS ABOUT THE DRAINAGE OF PLOTS.
Removing excess water from the soil is called drainage. In this case, it is stipulated to what depth it is necessary to hold this event. It is clear that the depths of the drainage area for the orchard and the buildings on the capital foundation are different. But the principle of calculation and arrangement of drainage systems is similar.
According to the depth of the arrangement, the drainage systems can be divided into superficial and deep (Fig. 1).
SURFACE DRAIN
Arrangement of surface drainage systems on heavy soils is mandatory in our climatic conditions. Why is it necessary?
Horticultural partnerships or detached cottage villages usually consist of a set of small plots of different owners. But for nature this does not matter - melt water will flow everywhere on frozen ground along a slope. This means that the fertile soil layer will gradually drift to the bottom of the slope. In the lower third of the total area, the land will turn sour, and the upper third will dry excessively. Wet ground may not withstand the pressure of structures and move. And, of course, pathogenic microflora develops in humid conditions.
Arrangement of the simplest drainage canals, in which flood water will be collected, avoids many problems. And here, no special projects are needed - everything is decided on the ground in working order.
The plot is dug around the perimeter. A trench is made at least for the width of the spade and for the depth of the bayonet. Deepen more 50 cm does not make sense la. The walls of the trenches are mowed so that the washed-up earth does not crumble. Over time, they will grow grass that will fix the ground. The slope of the trenches is in the direction of the main (collecting) channel, the depth and width of which should be greater than that of the trenches.
Once every few years, drainage trenches must be corrected: remove loose soil, plant debris, trim walls.
Water from several sites collects into the canal and is discharged along the slope of the relief beyond the collective farm (Fig. 2).
Such a surface drainage system is the least expensive. For large capital investments trench lay road geotextile density 150-200 g / m2 and fall asleep coarse gravel. Limestone crushed stone is not used for ground works, as it quickly deoxidizes and alkalizes the surrounding soil, but large crushed dolomite has established itself as an inexpensive and resistant material (fig. 3,4).
DRAINAGE PIPES AVAILABLE FOR SURFACE DRAIN CONDITIONS ARE NOT COUNTERED WITH A LARGE VOLUME OF WATER VOLUME, A WATER FILLED, AND A WATER LETTER ON SURFACE.
The issue of drainage of the area itself has to be addressed individually. Well, if the whole area is even with a slight bias. But often uneven ground. Moreover, the ground taken out during the construction of foundations creates additional problems.
In such conditions, you have to dance from the stove, that is, from the house: at what level is it built, what is the height of the socle, is there a blind area, is the main slope of the relief directed to the house.
See also: Do-it-yourself layer drainage - why you need drawings and diagrams
At the same time, the backyard plot has to be divided into zones, terraced, equipped with reverse slopes and clay locks. This is because in spring water will flow over the frozen ground and no drainage, except for surface water, will cope with this flow.
TERRACE
Terraced usually slopes. And the slope of the soil on the terrace itself is maintained. It turns out that a large area of the slope (that is, a large catchment) is divided into several parts and the water is drained from each terrace separately. As a result, the fertile soil is not washed off, and the slope itself is fixed at the expense of retaining walls.
In the case of terraces, the greatest effect of surface drainage is achieved when arranging the reverse slopes — when the slope of each lower terrace is formed towards the base of the retaining wall of the upper terrace. Here, water is collected in trenches or trays and diverted. When building terraces with a reverse bias, high retaining walls are erected, due to which terraces look picturesque even with relatively low initial slopes.
For plants, the abundance of melt water is not always good: with prolonged flooding and locking, apple trees feel bad, cherries and large-fruited cherries get wet, some varieties of plums. Garden strawberries also do not tolerate stagnant water. Rose gardens and perennial flower beds suffer.
It has to be stated that the construction of buildings and the arrangement of personal plots often takes place either without a plan, or according to a general plan, which is not intended to carry out agricultural activities. Therefore, areas for gardens and gardens are allocated on a residual basis and often where plants are deficient in sun and heat, since the most lighted areas after building a house are allocated to a recreation area, a gazebo, lawn, and barbecue.
If the garden zone is underestimated and there is no way to fill the soil, then you have to build high beds. It is recommended to fill the hills with fruit trees, but in practice this is difficult to do, since the loose earth is spreading under the pressure of meltwater and the trees do not hold in it, and it looks unaesthetic. In such conditions, I practice creating embankments up to 0,5 m high, reinforced with retaining walls - here you can condense the earth and provide drainage, and fruit trees on semi-dwarf rootstocks feel great.
DEEP DRAINAGE
A deep-laying drainage system is being built purposefully for a certain site - for example, if you need to divert water from the foundation of a house of a certain size and from such and such a depth.
First, you need to separate the soil around the foundation from the external soil, to destroy the aquifer in a particular place. To do this, dig a trench. Potentially, it will be filled with groundwater, so it should not be done too close to the foundation. Usually for the distance from the foundation to the trenches take twice the depth of the foundation. For example, the foundation has a depth of 1,20 m, and the sand cushion below it is 0,5 m. Therefore, a drainage trench is dug at a distance of about 3,5 m from the foundation.
Since the groundwater should not penetrate the sand pad, the trenches are dug to such a depth that the line connecting the lowest point of the trench and the lower point of the sand pad goes 30-45 ° from the horizon. That is, in our example, the horizontal drainage channels should be located at a depth of 4-5 m. At a depth of less than 3 m the drainage should not be laid.
If water does not drain away from the drainage system, it will quickly fill up and stop functioning. Therefore, they provide a natural outflow with the arrangement of deep drainage wells or a system of wells of small diameter for pumping water out.
After laying drainage pipes and erecting well-channels, trenches are covered with sand. From above it is advisable to lay a layer of heavy loam to create a castle and already on it is a fertile layer of soil for the lawn. It is clear that no other plants except grassy ones can be planted in the projection of the drainage system. In places where paths or platforms cross it on a concrete base, easily dismantled plates should be laid: after a certain time, the drainage system will require cleaning and opening.
As practice shows, deep-laid drainage systems work more successfully together with surface drainage systems.
It should be said about another method of removing excess water, not directly related to drainage, is planting plant pumps. For example, a green hedge from a thuja of the western cultivar 'Brabant' or 'Smaragd' will allow to drain a piece of land at a width approximately equal to the height of these conifers. Willow, as well as sucker and sea buckthorn are well absorbed.
By agreeing with the neighbors, whose area is lower in level, you can arrange the drainage of two territories at once.
See also: What to do if the site is flooding after rain and melting snow? Drainage and plants
SIMPLE DRAINAGE OF A PLOT AROUND THE HOUSE OWN HANDS - VIDEO
© Author: S. Batov, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, remarkable specialist, author of numerous articles. Photo: Yu. Smirnov, V. Tikhomirov, V. Davydov
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Our fertile layer is only 5-8 cm thick, further - loam, and below - clay of all colors: yellow, red, reddish. She planted apple trees in planting pits 1 × 1 m, filled with fertile imported soil mixed with compost, sand and peat.
The seedlings took root, grew, began to bear fruit, and then began to die one by one. And the reason is the high "primer" and clay soil. In the spring, like a shovel on the bayonet, and there water appears. Once at the beginning of the season, when there was no melt water and everything was dry around, I transplanted a rose bush. I began to dig up and saw that the roots were like in a glass of water - the clay did not allow it to flow away. I think that the roots of my trees were also constantly in the water until summer. So they got wet ... Of course, my three dug ponds and four neighboring ones lowered the general level of the "primer", but since then I began to plant trees and bushes on hills. And make the landing pits smaller.
In the case of mounds, you also need to understand that in frost without snow, the roots in them can freeze slightly.
Therefore, now I make high ridges, and I plant everything on them. Last year we tried our pears for the first time. But I just could not understand whether it was time to remove the fruits or not. No experience yet! But the birds prompted - pears began to peck. Then she took off everything. But the summer apple tree was still too late to break off, because the fruits were firmly on the branch. I collected it when I saw that they began to crack. Tore off, and they are already like cotton steel. Ate them, of course. But the question remained. How, then, is it correct and simple to determine the time of picking apples and pears?
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It so happened that part of the garden I found myself with a high groundwater storage. But I found a way to put this minus in the service. In the spring, I dug a trench wide and deep onto a spade bayonet in a well-lit place and dug cabbage seedlings into it. I judged so: once the water is close, then the plants themselves will find it, besides in large quantities, because to drink cabbage is something to love.
I can only protect her from the cold by covering the seedlings with a thick film. On this my chores ended. When it became warm, she removed the film. And the seedlings were strong, stocky, with thick trunks and fat leaves. Transplanted from the trench only those plants that grew too close to each other. The rest stayed there and ripened very early. '