Growing blackcurrant for sale - reviews and tips
Contents ✓
- ✓ "SWING" POPULAR
- ✓ BIOLOGICAL FEATURES
- ✓ ELEMENTS OF AGRO-TECHNICAL ENGINEERING
- ✓ WATERING
- ✓ SUPPORTING BLACK CREAM
- ✓ BREATHING AND PROFILE
- ✓ COLLECTION OF BERRIES, IMPLEMENTATION
- ✓ ASSORTMENT OF VARIETIES OF THE BLACK CURRANT
- ✓ PROTECTION FROM PESTS AND DISEASES
- ✓ COLLECTING THE BLACK FASHION FOR SALE: VIDEO
INDUSTRIAL CULTIVATION OF BLACK CURRANT
Here, really, "there is nothing eternal under the Moon." Everything in our life is experiencing ups and downs, even the popularity of berry crops. Yesterday’s market favorites are becoming outsiders today. Conversely, those berries that have not recently attracted interest from customers today are in great demand, they are instantly bought up, and their prices are rising. This fate and fragrant vitamin currant did not pass.
"SWING" POPULAR
In recent years, the lost leadership position, currant restores its reputation. Before 1997, the area of planting currants significantly exceeded the size of strawberry plantations. But over the next few years, the market price of strawberries grew, and currants remained at the same level. Obviously, the cultivation of strawberries has become more profitable, because the area under the currant began to decline.
Climate change also played a negative role. Due to the increase in temperature in the summer to 30 ° C, even in the north, young currant plants began to die en masse. This factor also contributed to the decline in the supply of berries to the market. Currants became much smaller. Accordingly, the price of it began to grow, sometimes exceeding the prices of raspberries and strawberries. As the price rises, the interest of the berry farmers in growing this valuable crop has increased.
In addition, there were new markets - freezing, processing, hypermarkets. As a result, demand has grown significantly. At the moment, Russia can provide the domestic market for black currants by about 50%. Therefore, from year to year the number of people willing to lay industrial black currant plantations. However, the possibilities and desires are often not enough to get high yields. Knowledge is also needed.
BIOLOGICAL FEATURES
Black currant is a perennial shrub 1,5-2,0 m high, consisting of a set of shoots of different ages. Bushes can be compact upright or spreading, depending on the variety. Bushes have a lifespan of more than 20 years, but a productive period of 8-10 years.
Currants do not form root shoots, basal shoots appear from the buds of the base of the branches and have a height up to 1 and more. Vegetation of shoots ends in October-November with the sum of active temperatures 2300 — 2600 ° C (depending on the variety). The following year, branches from 12 cm (in the upper part) to 30 cm (in the middle zone of the branches) appear from the kidneys. In subsequent years, branches of the second, third, etc. appear on the branches of the first order. orders that determines the age of the branches.
A characteristic feature of black currant is the intensive growth of basal shoots. In the first year, the sprout gives a strong increase, in the second year it starts to bear fruit. In the third year, the basal branch bears fruit mainly on lateral annual shoots. The most productive ones are three-four-year branches, in which the first-year and second-order one-year gains bear the brunt of the harvest. In the fifth and sixth year the growth of the branches becomes insignificant. With low agricultural technology, the aging process of the branches is accelerated.
Another feature of black currant is that both vegetative and generative organs develop from each kidney. Inflorescences are usually lowered down, less often located horizontally or directed upwards. 2 — 3 inflorescences can develop from one bud, consisting, depending on the varietal characteristics, of 3 — 10 and more berries. Flowers bloom from the base to the end of the brush. Flowering can last from 3 to 20 days. Each flower is suitable for pollination for 3 — 4 days.
The berries in most varieties are round, black. The period from the formation of ovaries to the ripening of berries 40 — 45 days. Berries ripen sequentially from the base to the top. The entire brush matures in about 4 — 11 days.
At the roots of black currant there are two waves of growth - in May-June and September-October. In the spring, surface roots first develop. They begin to grow at 3 — 4 ° C and actively develop at temperatures up to 10 ° C. At 20 ° C, their growth slows down, and at 30 ° C it stops altogether. Growth of roots is resumed in September, when the temperature of the soil decreases. Suction roots have a sufficiently high frost resistance.
The vegetation of black currant starts very early, already after 2 — 3 days after the establishment of a positive average daily temperature. The length of the growing season 140-180 days, depending on the variety.
Black currant is very demanding to moisture supply of the soil, because in nature it grows on moist soils along the banks of streams, rivers and in forests with marshy soil. The bulk of its roots is located in the top layer of soil and suffers when there is a shortage of moisture.
Currant grows well and bears fruit in partial shade and in the open. It can grow in full shade, but it practically does not bear fruit.
It grows well on all types of soil, but the most favorable for it are sandy and loamy black soil, gray, forest, meadow-black soil with an arable layer 25-30 cm, pH = 5,1-6,5 and standing water table no closer than 1,5 m. Not suitable for blackcurrant carbonate, saline, marshy soil. Low-lying areas and depressions, where cold air masses accumulate and there is a high probability of strong spring frosts, are completely unsuitable.
See also: Autumn planting of black currant - advice from a candidate of agricultural sciences
ELEMENTS OF AGRO-TECHNICAL ENGINEERING
High yield of black currant can be obtained only with a high level of agricultural technology. Care includes watering, fertilizing, loosening the soil, mulching, as well as protection from diseases and pests.
WATERING
Irrigation of currants gives a yield increase of 30-100%! When industrial cultivation is the most productive drip irrigation. All other types of watering are more laborious and less effective. The greatest increase in the size of the berries and yields gives the laying of two drip tapes at a distance of about 30 cm on one and the other side of the row. Watering is carried out as necessary, maintaining the humidity at the level of 80% full field capacity. It is best to install sensors, but you can determine the humidity and the eye. If the soil taken from the zone of occurrence of the roots, when squeezed in the hand, does not crumble and does not stick to the hand, there is enough moisture, and if it crumbles, watering is necessary.
If you dry the soil during the flowering period, the berries may not start. In case of drought during the growth of berries, they can crumble, and the brush will be incomplete. With a lack of moisture decreases the size of the berries. In all cases, there is a significant decrease in yield. However, you should not abuse watering. When there is an excess of moisture, the earth is heavily compacted, the access of oxygen to the roots ceases, they can rot. As a result, the yield is reduced, in a severe case, the plant may die.
SUPPORTING BLACK CREAM
Regular dressings also significantly increase the yield of currants. Under the fruiting bushes in the early spring, 40 g of nitrogen (active ingredient) is introduced, and after harvesting 30 — 40 g of phosphorus and 20 — 25 g of potassium. Once every three years make humus, up to 10 kg per bush. During the growing season, the bushes are fed once every 10 — 15 days with Master type complex mineral fertilizers, combining them with watering. Positive foliar feeding and the same drugs. Bring them according to the instructions for use. But the most productive is considered the dosed application of fertilizers for drip irrigation systems.
To do this, mount the system of fertigation, consisting of a tank for a solution of fertilizers, dispenser and control unit. Such a system allows you to very accurately make fertilizers needed in a particular period of plant development.
BREATHING AND PROFILE
Land on the plantation must be maintained in a loose state. If the soil is not loosened, it is strongly compacted after rain and watering, which leads to oxygen starvation of plants. When drying, this soil cracks, tearing the roots. In addition, through the cracks the moisture evaporates not only from the surface, but also from the deep layers of the soil. Loosened soil evaporates less moisture, reducing the volume of irrigation. This is very important when there is a shortage of water.
With regular loosening, weeds are destroyed, which not only draw nutrients from the soil, competing with cultivated plants, but also are intermediate hosts of pests and pathogens.
Recently on the plantations of currants began to apply tinning and mulching. Increasingly, various grasses are sown between rows, which are periodically mowed. It turns out a kind of mulch that delays the evaporation of moisture and increases the humus content of the soil.
Quite a lot of trouble causes the treatment of the soil directly under the bushes. It is held only by hand, hoe. Therefore, began to apply planting currants on mulch materials. The most commonly used geotextiles. It is spread over the entire area of the plantation, a cruciate incision is made in the necessary places, into which currants are planted with the help of a hydrobur.
Previously under geotextiles stack rigid drip tube. As an option - they install spider drip systems on top of geotextiles, which allow water to be brought not along the entire length of the row, but directly under the bush. Of course, geotextiles are not cheap, but everything pays off by saving time and money on weeding and loosening.
Apply and combined option. The rows are covered with geotextile, and the aisles are drawn. Or they cover only inter-rows, and in the rows they carry out treatments. Quite often, herbicides of selective action, such as panther, frantier, fusilad forte, etc., are used to control weeds in between rows. These preparations destroy weeds, but do not adversely affect crops.
COLLECTION OF BERRIES, IMPLEMENTATION
Currant berries for sale are harvested only by hand. With any mechanized cleaning, they are deformed and lose their presentation, the shelf life and transportability of berries are reduced by several times. Therefore, mechanized harvesting is used only when collecting berries that are being recycled. Abroad, currants are usually collected in blisters of various capacities (plastic, cardboard, etc.). In our markets, such products are tight, people are suspicious of industrial berries. It is believed that if the plantation is industrial, it means that there is so much "chemistry" in them that you can be poisoned. Our people prefer berry in bulk, “grandmother” (although grandmothers sometimes pour so much on berries !!!). Therefore, most often currants are collected in different boxes. But it all depends on market conditions. And this must be taken care of in advance.
See also: How best to plant black currants - on the cardinal points (Vladimir region)
ASSORTMENT OF VARIETIES OF THE BLACK CURRANT
Industrial varieties of currants must meet certain criteria (compactness of the bush, simultaneous ripening, dry separation, dense skin of berries, etc.). Therefore, there are far fewer industrial varieties than varieties for the hobby market (area up to 0,5 ha). In relatively small areas, it is possible to put up with spreading bushes, and with non-simultaneous ripening of berries. This can be offset by the size, yield, taste of berries. But with large areas, this is almost an unsolvable problem.
Try to tie up the shoots drooping under the mass of berries on 20 thousands of bushes! Therefore, the choice of varieties must be approached very seriously. Fortunately, there are so many of our varieties that have been successfully grown on large areas for many years, both here and abroad. Basically, these are the varieties of V.P. Kopan, P. 3. Ranked, 3. A. Shestopal - Goloseevskaya-2, Amethyst, Vernissage, Verkhovyna, Vladimirskaya, Kozatskaya, Sofiyevskaya, Chereshneva, Yubileynaya Kopanya, etc.
It is these varieties planted on most plantations. However, with all the charm of these varieties, they have one major drawback: they are all technical and almost all have a sour taste. There are many varieties with more delicious berries, but their distribution is hampered by the lack of registration in the State Register of plant varieties allowed for cultivation.
If you have a currant plantation with an area of less than 0,5 ha, I advise you to grow the following varieties: Mriya-3, Yarynka, Nara, Dachnitsa, Dobrynya, Slastena, Pygmy, Atlas, Temptation, Orlovsky Waltz, Lastivka, Bartansk Partisan, etc.
As for foreign varieties, they are not yet competitive in comparison with the Ukrainian and Russian varieties. Recently, you can find the offer of such varieties of Polish breeding as Tiben, Tisel, Ruben, Gofert, etc. Yes, the varieties are quite fruitful, the berries are very dense and transportable. But the average size of the berries of these varieties 1,5 g and less. This berry will not be in demand in the fresh market. Yes, and these varieties were derived not for him, but for processing. Therefore, when choosing a variety, it is necessary to determine the purpose for which you are going to grow berries, how to sell them, and on the basis of this, make a decision.
There are more large-fruited varieties of foreign origin, but they are not tested in our conditions, so it is not known how to behave in the fields. And planting untested varieties is always a risk.
The return of the popularity of black currant has contributed a lot to its relative resistance to disease and the absence of a large number of dangerous pests. Of course, today, when the climate is changing, pests and pathogens are increasingly adapting to plant protection products, there is no need to rest on our laurels. However, the currant does not cause much excitement.
PROTECTION FROM PESTS AND DISEASES
Black currant has more than twenty major pests. But the most dangerous are only three.
Currant glasscane - butterfly laying eggs in young shoots. From the egg grows a larva that lives inside the shoot, intensively feeding on its delicate heart. The movement of the larvae is directed from the place of introduction of the egg down to the roots. You probably had to see a black hole in the cross-section of the shoot. - this is the trace of the glass case. The shoots struck by it rather quickly die, as vascular conductivity is disturbed. With the defeat of many shoots killed the whole plant.
Black Currant Mite. In early spring, on currant sprouts, you can see swollen buds, similar to burst cabbages. This is the home of kidney mites. And in one such Kochchik may be more than 8000 individuals. From the beginning of budding until the end of flowering, the mites migrate to the buds of young shoots, where their reproduction takes place from June to October. In addition to kidney damage, this tick is also dangerous because it tolerates dangerous. incurable disease - terry.
Tli. On currants parasitizes several types of aphids. These small insects feed on the juice of young shoots, thereby weakening them. With a strong defeat shoots grow deformed, twisted. In addition, various infections easily penetrate into micro wounds in places where aphids are affected.
Spraying against these pests simultaneously destroying others, so it makes no sense to describe them now. However, it is better not to allow the development of pests, but to carry out preventive treatments twice - before flowering and after tying the berries. This is usually enough. True, in recent years, due to climate change, butterfly-glass cases have lasted a little longer than usual, and a considerable number of shoots are still amazed. Because of this, many gardeners spend the third spraying through 10-14 days after fully setting the berries. The preparation for the third treatment must be selected with a waiting period so that it can decompose into harmless components (7-10 days) before the berries ripen.
Even three preventive treatments will not help to completely get rid of aphids, since it breeds all summer. Therefore, when it appears, additional processing is carried out.
In addition to "chemistry", there is also agrotechnical methods of plant protection. These are regular weeding and loosening, which not only contribute to a better access of oxygen to the roots, but also hinder the reproduction of some soil pests.
Weeds are also reserves of various pests and diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to fight them throughout the growing season.
The agrotechnical measures of plant protection include cleaning when the shoots that are broken, dried and damaged by diseases and pests are removed (for example, the shoots affected by the kidney mite are removed in early spring).
Well. Of course, a high level of agricultural technology is very important. If your plants are fed, watered, well-groomed, diseases and pests will be much more difficult to damage them than to defeat stunted zamolisha. Therefore, care should include all the necessary agrotechnical measures.
You should also pay close attention to planting material. Agree, at least, it is unwise to plant a plantation with seedlings affected by diseases and pests! Therefore, plant landing only
seedlings from proven nurseries. Planting material must be completely healthy. Only then can you count on high yields.
Recently, another problem has arisen in growing black currant - a burn of the root collar. Previously, this phenomenon was observed only in the southern regions of Ukraine, with climate change, it can be found everywhere. On young plants, drying of the branches is observed, especially noticeable in schoolchildren during reproduction. Sometimes losses can be 80% or more!
No treatments do not help, because the reason is not in the defeat of the disease, but in the high temperature of the soil. Root neck burn occurs, vascular conductivity ceases and the plant dies. Even if not all of the root neck is burned, but only a part of it, the plant is weakened, infections occur in the microcracks caused by a burn, and the currant dies anyway. Control measures in this case are only agrotechnical. Best of all is the use of shading nets, which significantly reduce the temperature of the soil. But the pleasure is not cheap.
You can use another method of shading - scenes from tall crops, for example, corn or sorghum. Soil is most strongly heated from the west side of the plants. For two years, on this side, at a distance of about 1, a row of corn is planted, which pritenyat currants. The case is rather troublesome, but it really helps to save the plants. Helps to protect against burns and mulch film with a white or silver top. Only rows can be mulched. Organic mulch also copes well with overheating. But only if its layer is thick enough (at least 5-7, see compacted mulch).
Currant disease is not so much. Most often, bushes are affected by anthracnose, Septoria, columnar rust and powdery mildew. For the prevention of these diseases, plants are treated in early spring before leaf blooming with chorus or 3% solution of Bordeaux mixture. In addition, when first treated from pests, systemic fungicides are added to the tank mixture to prevent the onset of disease. The third treatment with fungicides is carried out after harvesting. I want to note that black currant is very rarely affected by diseases. Many farmers do not use fungicides at all. Therefore, with sufficient experience, it is possible to get along with early spring treatment, and then to carry out treatments as needed, at the first signs of illness.
Mycoplasmal (terry) and viral (fusarium wilt, or wilt) diseases that are transmitted by various insects and are not treatable are more dangerous. In the event of foci of infection with these diseases, plants are dug up and destroyed (better burned). And most often it is the wilt that is introduced into the microcracks. Then an absolutely healthy plant starts dry shoots very quickly. If you dig up such a bush, it is clear that there are practically no small suction white roots.
I deliberately do not call drugs to protect the currants. since there are a lot of them today, and which one of them should be given preference, everyone should decide for himself. And yet I want to recommend the use of preparations of well-known companies in professional packaging, because so many fakes come across in small packages.
I would be glad if my recommendations will help you grow a high yield of delicious berries.
See also: Growing currants for sale - my tips and reviews
COLLECTING THE BLACK FASHION FOR SALE: VIDEO
© Posted by: Oleg SAVEYKO, p. Khorishki, Poltava region. (To be continued)
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To prevent black currants from burning
Black currants are very sensitive to heat. Young plantings suffer the most. And this is mainly due to overheating of the soil in the root zone, which are simply "boiled". Mature bushes have their own problem: in the strong sun, some of the berries are baked.
To protect the cuttings from attacks, I put a shading net in the schools, and the cornices near the fruiting bushes save the berries from baking.
Berries will also protect thickened plantings from scorching rays. I plant my currants according to the scheme 80-90 × 120 cm. The bushes are powerful, so the bulk of the crop is in the shade (no more than 5% "burns" in the sun). Thickened plantings also save from overheating of the soil (there is always a shadow under the bushes).
So that the roots do not overheat, I advise you to cover them with mulch with a layer of at least 7 cm.
An interesting solution to the problem was found by my friend, who lives in the southern region. It places rows of black currants strictly from west to east. The greatest sun load goes to the first row, and in the rest the soil is constantly in the shade.
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A very dangerous disease of blackcurrant is terry, or reversion. It is easier to identify it when the currant blooms.
If the flowers instead of the usual golden-green petals show elongated, ugly, dissected inflorescences of violet color, if the leaves are small, the plates are divided not into 5, but into 3 lobes, if there is no specific smell of currant, there is every reason to believe that the bushes are affected by the terry .
Unfortunately, this viral disease is not treated, but it can be prevented. In case of infection, it is necessary to remove and burn the entire bush so that the disease does not spread to other plants.
It is known that pathogens are mainly transmitted by kidney mites. The most famous way to deal with them is early spring (early March) treatment of currant bushes with hot water (up to 80 degrees). Consumption -10 liters per 2-3 bush.
You can add several crystals of potassium permanganate to the water or a pinch of copper sulfate. This will be a good preventive measure against fungal diseases.
There are relatively resistant to terry varieties of black currant: Memory of Michurin, fertile Leah, Zhelannaya, Neapolitan, Brilliant, Primorsky champion. But in order for them, and other varieties to be able to repulse viruses, it is necessary to increase the immunity of plants. Regular top dressing of currants under the root of potassium-phosphorus fertilizers helps to achieve this. If you spray the leaves with nutritious mixtures, you should pay attention to the composition of the fertilizer: it should contain molybdenum, boron and manganese. After collecting the berries, the currant bushes are treated with colloidal sulfur or Karbofos.
Note
The appearance of terry can provoke a fascination with nitrogen fertilizers. It is necessary to carefully observe the dosage of such mixtures and in no case exceed it.
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Green “balls” appeared on two bushes of black currant. I cut them off, and the branches, on which there were especially many “balls”, cut off. What is it?
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- Rounded buds (green "balls") at the time of blooming of black currant - this is an indication that the plants are damaged by kidney mites. You did everything right, but if the bushes are more than 5 years old, I advise you to completely uproot and burn them.
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Planted a young bush of black currant. There is already an ovary, but small little leaves the size of a fingernail turn yellow. Aphi is not, fertilized in the spring with urea (30 g per bush), I water regularly. What's wrong?
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- The lighter (yellowish) color of the tops of the growth of black currant is a characteristic feature of actively growing plants, not associated with any disease.