Varieties of dyuk - description and photos, reviews of the breeder
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DUKI - WHAT IT IS, PHOTOS OF VARIETIES AND DESCRIPTION, REVIEWS
You may be surprised that we started talking about cherries in August, when even the latest varieties were harvested long ago, processed and sent to cellars or freezers. However, during the fruiting period of cherries, we were puzzled by trees that, against the background of complete health and well-being, were completely devoid of fruit, while on others, sometimes not distinguished by their enviable health, the branches bent under the weight of ripe juicy cherries. The Institute of Horticulture suggested that it could be dykes. Let's figure it out together what it is and why they can be left without fruit.
UNIVERSAL PET
Cherry is one of the most beloved and revered stone fruits. Its fruits are in stable demand of the population, and are in demand in the processing industry.
It belongs to the genus Cerasus, bringing together about 150 species, of which 10 is most common. The word "cerasus" itself is associated with the name of the city of Kerazos, located in Asia Minor, from where, according to Pliny the Elder, cherries spread throughout Europe.
In the settlements of Tripoli culture, archaeologists have discovered ritual objects depicting the fruits of cherries, that is, it has been cultivated for more than 6 thousand years.
ORIGIN OF SPECIES ... AND DUKE VARIETIES
Scientists believe that common cherry has a complex interspecific hybrid origin. It arose in the process of evolution as a result of the natural pollination of cherries with steppe cherries. In nature, it occurred many times, which was the result of the diversity of forms of this species. So from the pollination of common cherries with steppe cherries, a group of bushy varieties was formed. These are low trees with rounded drooping crowns. They are characterized by a strong branching of shoots, as a result of which the crowns are very thickened.
Fruiting in this group of varieties is focused on last year's growths. After picking the fruits, they are exposed, and flower buds and fruits are formed on a new shoot that has grown from the apical bud. Due to the fact that the fruiting branches are lengthened from year to year, exposed, the crown thickens, fruiting is transferred to the periphery. The fruits of this group have a dark, almost black color and are very acidic in taste. Shrub-like varieties are characterized by high winter hardiness, which was transmitted to them from steppe cherries. Representatives of this group of varieties are Griot Ostheim, Chernokorka, Lyubskaya, Podbelskaya. These varieties with dessert taste of fruits were the most common in industrial gardens of Ukraine from 2's to 80's of the last century.
In contrast to this group of varieties from the pollination of various forms of common cherries between themselves and cherries, a group of tree-like varieties of cherries was formed. In the people they are also called sweet cherries, cherries, cherries or dyukas, since their trees are very similar to cherries in growth and fruiting.
These varieties received the name "dyuki" from the very first representative of this group - the English variety May-Duke, bred back in the 17th century. We have fastened to them the shortened name "duke", which means "duke" in translation.
See also: Dyuki in the Moscow region - cultivation and varieties
Cherries, cherries, dykes: the best grades!
Advantages and disadvantages
Among the old varieties, the most striking representatives of this group are Early English, Hydrangea, Rebat beauty, Eugenia. They have a powerful trunk and skeletal branches, sparse crowns of mainly pyramidal or round shape. Dukes, in comparison with bush-shaped varieties, have larger leaves, flowers and fruits, and they bear fruit mainly on bouquet branches and short shoots.
After 3-4 years of fruiting, the productivity of bouquet twigs decreases and on the 7-8th year they die. With age, when growth processes weaken, fruiting occurs, as in bushy varieties, on short shoots. Despite the reduced winter hardiness that they inherited from cherries, their high productivity period is 1,5-2,0 times higher than that of ordinary cherries and is 20-25 years. The ripening dates of fruits of dykes are from early ones (III decade of May - I decade of June - Early-2, English early, Miracle) to later (II-III decade of July - Toy, Shpanka late, Meteor). A positive feature of most dykes is resistance to fungal diseases (coccomycosis and moniliosis), the size and taste of the fruit, which are also transmitted to them from cherries. The average mass of fruits in some varieties (Donetsk Giant, Toy, Xenia) under favorable climatic conditions and a high level of care for plantings can reach 12.
Despite the above properties, the main disadvantage of dyuk is self-fertility.
Often, abundant flowering of trees does not lead to the same yield, and they form single fruits. But here, scientists have found a way out. In particular, the Ukrainian breeder L.I. Taranenko, as a result of lengthy experiments, proved that high yields of this group of varieties can be obtained surrounded by cherry trees, and the main condition should be the coincidence of their flowering dates.
The breeder selected only two duke that is not pollinated by cherries Are similar to Podbelskoye varieties Beauty Ribakura and Nochka. Only 600 with 20-10% self-fertility was isolated from the 12 studied varieties of cherries, which ensures an average yield of 6 t / ha for single-crop plantings. And only in the variety Lyubskaya self-fertility reached 40%. In addition to her, among the self-fertilizing varieties are the best: Lot, Youth, Wrist, Ukrainian bottle (synonym for Shpanka), Zagoryevskaya, Meteor, Keleris, Bulatnikovskaya other. All these varieties for technical purposes have a late flowering period, therefore, they cannot be good pollinators for early flowering dykes.
It should be noted that interspecific hybridization of cherries with cherries in scientific institutions was aimed primarily at obtaining varieties with large fruits of good taste, mainly with an early ripening period, resistant to diseases and adverse winter-spring conditions. Great successes in this direction were achieved by Ukrainian breeders S.Kh. Duca, A.L. Denisyuk, M.T. Oratovsky, N.I. Turovtsev and V.I. Turovtseva, L.I. Taranenko and others.
They believed that the enrichment of varietal composition with dessert varieties of different ripening dates, especially early ones, would ensure uniform consumption of fruits for a long period. The most successful in their work was the use of dykes to obtain elite seedlings of the second generation and their repeated crossing with varieties of cherries or cherries.
As a result, large-fruited varieties of dyukes Melitopol dessert, Minx, Optimist, Meeting, Night, Miracle, Donetsk giant, Waiting, Solidarity, Turovtseva seedling, Toy, Ksenia, of which the last five can be used for technical processing.
By the way, in the world from 1981 to 2011. about 200 new varieties of cherries were created, 30 of which were made by our domestic breeders. By this indicator, Ukraine ranks second in the world after Russia, significantly ahead of Poland, Romania, Hungary, Germany and other countries.
In the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Growing, on 2019 there are only two cherry varieties among 16 root grades of dyukov — Alpha and Studenikovskaya, one variety of foreign selection is Uyfegerta Fürtesh, and the rest 13 are dukes of domestic selection of different maturity dates: Meeting, Solidarity, Toy, Noticeable, Minx, Altruist, Bohuslavka, Optimist, Ksenia, Zhadana, Malva, Vidrodzhennya, Miracle.
Thanks to the achievements of domestic breeders, we have a unique opportunity to eat fresh fruits of dyukas with high dietary and health properties for two months.
CLASSIFICATION NOT AT ALL PERFORMED
The current classification of cherries provides for the separation of varieties by quality and color into the following groups:
Griots or Morel, Amorelles and Dyukes.
The fruits of griots (morel) are dark red, almost black, with red juice, sour in taste. Suitable for fresh consumption and processing. This is Ukrainian Griot, Podbelskaya, Lyubskaya, Lotovka.
In amorel, the fruits are light colored, pink, with colorless juice, they are less acidic than the grottoes (Spanka early, Montmorency, Melitopol dessert, etc.).
Dukes, according to this classification, should have sweet tasty fruits with pink or red juice. At the same time, such terminology is gradually becoming obsolete, since not all new varieties can be attributed to one or another group by a set of characteristics. For example, the fruits of the Early English variety cannot be considered sweet, because in taste they are significantly inferior to the fruits of Podbelskaya and other grotes. In addition, the fruits of Podbelskaya have a very pleasant dessert taste, which contradicts its inclusion in the group of Griots.
Most modern dyukas (Toy, Night, Donetsk giant) have sweet and sour dark red fruits, which also contradicts this classification. According to her, duke trees should be of a tree type and be vigorous. Despite this, in the modern assortment, the Vstrecha duke is weak-growing with a rounded, deciduous crown and can be attributed to a bush-like group, and the tree-like, weak-growing Turgenevka variety has dark red sour tastes.
All this suggests that the application of the term “duke” to a certain group of varieties does not have good justification, since it is only a general definition of the product of interspecific hybridization of cherries and cherries.
In the USA and EU countries, only two terms are used to simplify the classification of cherries and cherries: sour cherry - actually cherry and sweet cherry - this is sweet cherry.
POPULAR DUKE VARIETIES
Here is a brief description of several popular varieties related to dykes of different ripening periods.
Miracle
The variety was bred at the Bakhmut experimental station of nursery-breeding IS NAAN when crossing cherries of the variety Griot of Ostheim and sweet cherry Valery Chkalov.
Strong-growth trees of tree type, with a rounded medium-dense crown. Distinctive features of the variety are the pronounced trunkiness inherent in sweet cherry trees, as well as large dark green leaves.
Fruits in bunchy branches and annual shoots, is slightly affected by coccomycosis and moniliosis, is quite winter-hardy. Productivity - 10-12 kg per tree. Appreciated
variety for early ripening (I decade of June) of high-yield fruits (weight 7-9 g). It has a light and dry separation of the fetus from the peduncle. Dark red color, dense flesh and a wonderful sweet and sour dessert taste make them the most expensive among the early varieties in the Ukrainian markets.
The Donetsk coal, Donchanka, Yaroslavna, Annushka, self-infertile, but well pollinated with cherries. Yellow Drogan and others. The exception is Valery Chkalov, Large-fruited, Farewell, Valeria. It begins fruiting in the 5-6 year, the crop - from 10 to 20 kg per tree.
Meeting
The variety was obtained at the Melitopol Experimental Horticulture Station of IS NAAN IS from crossing Lyubskaya cherries with a Kiev duke 19.
Trees are undersized (height up to 2 m). bush type, with drooping dense spherical crown. They respond well to regenerative pruning, and already on the growth of last year you can get a good crop. Resistant to coccomycosis, slightly affected by moniliosis. Differs in high winter hardiness.
This variety is especially appreciated for its large-fruited (fruit weight 6-8 g) and high dessert qualities of the fruit. The fruits are red, with delicate melting flesh of a sweet and sour taste. The variety belongs to the group of medium early ripening - in the II-III decade of June. It has partial self-fertility, which provides a stable crop from 10 to 15 kg per tree. It bears fruiting in the 3 year. The best pollinators: Minx, Significant, Samsonovka.
Ksenia
The variety was obtained at the Bakhmut experimental nursery station from free pollination of the elite form D 38-31 (Nord Star x Valery Chkalov).
Trees of a tree type, medium-sized with a round, medium thickened crown, with wide angles of branching from the trunk. Resistant to coccomycosis and moniliosis, highly winter and frost resistant. The fruits are large (weight 7,5-8,6 g), dark red, with juicy, relatively dense pulp, high-density skin (which is important when shaking off) and a wonderful sweet and sour taste. Ripen at the beginning of the third decade of June, the separation from the peduncle is dry.
The variety has proven itself in the storage and freezing of fruits: loss of juice after defrosting is only 2.1-6.7%.
The variety is self-fertile, high-yielding, stable in bearing. Already in the 4 year after planting, trees provide 5-6 kg of high-quality fruits, during the period of full fruiting - 20-25 kg from a tree. The best pollinators: Lyubskaya, Nord Star, as well as varieties of sweet cherry Donchanka and Tenderness.
Toy
The variety was also obtained at the Melitopol Experimental Horticulture Station of IS NAAN IS from crossing Lyubskaya cherries and Sunny Ball cherries.
Trees are above average growth force, bushy type, with a wide-round medium-dense crown.
The variety is resistant to coccomycosis and moniliosis, quite winter-hardy in the conditions of the Kiev region, although in Melitopol it shows an average winter hardiness.
The fruits are large (7,5-8,5 g), one-dimensional, with a dark red color and relatively dense pulp, with a light and dry separation from the stem, sour-sweet taste, ripen at the end of the third decade of June. Appreciated for its high technology and portability. Suitable for freezing.
The variety is early-growing, trees enter fruiting in the 3-4 year after planting, providing a high stable yield in fruiting age - 25-35 kg per tree. The best pollinators: Minx, Samsonovka. and among the sweet cherries - Valery Chkalov, Large-fruited, Donchanka, Franz Joseph.
Solidarity
Bred at the Melitopol experimental gardening station IS NAAN IS from free pollination of Zhukovskaya variety.
Medium-sized trees with a branchy medium-dense crown, bushy, bear fruit on the 3-4 year after planting, providing a high stable yield of 25-30 kg per tree.
Highly resistant to moniliosis and coccomycosis. The fruits are large (6,5-7,0 g), one-dimensional, roundish, dark red with delicate sweet and sour flesh, ripen in the third decade of June, and easily break off with the stalk. Highly transportable. Best pollinators: Melitopol joy, Nord Star.
See also: Duke (chereshnevishnia) and cherry - growing in the Vladimir region
GROWING DUKS - LANDING AND CARE, VARIETIES - FEEDBACKS AND ADVICE OF GARDENERS
CHERRY OR MYSTERIOUS DUKS
More and more gardeners are interested in ducks, which are still rare for us. And believe me: culture is worth taking its rightful place in the garden.
Advantages of a hybrid ...
Most cherry-cherry hybrids are more winter-hardy than sweet cherry. But they are inferior to cherries in terms of frost resistance. Therefore, in the northern regions they are grown in the form of bushes (it is easier to shelter from the winter cold).
Dukes can bear fruit for 20-25 years. Moreover, their fruits are usually much larger than those of cherries (sometimes they reach 8-10 g), sweeter, with a slight pleasant sourness. The aroma, for which we love cherries, is also retained by the dukes.
Another valuable property is that the ducks are resistant to coccomycosis and moniliosis. These diseases have literally mowed down most cherry orchards in recent years. In addition, many varieties of ducks are practically not damaged by cherry flies.
... and disadvantage
The mysterious word "duke" denotes a cherry-cherry hybrid. The name comes from the English cherry variety May-duke ("May Duke"), bred in the XNUMXth century.
For the most part, cherry-cherry hybrids are self-fertile. They bloom profusely, but have little or no fruit set. And among themselves, the dukes are bad pollinators. Therefore, plant them surrounded by cherries and especially sweet cherries.
Briefly about landing
Planting, as well as the main care, pruning and reproduction, in dukes is practically no different from cherries and cherries.
It is better to plant dukes in early spring (after planting in autumn, plants often die in winter).
The planting pit is filled with a mixture of fertile soil with organic matter (15-30 kg), phosphorus (200 g), potassium (60 g). Do not apply fresh manure, nitrogen fertilizers and lime!
When planting, the root collar should be at ground level.
Immediately after planting, the main branches and the guide are trimmed to about a third of their length to maintain the aboveground-to-root relationship disturbed by the excavation.
OUR REFERENCE
As already noted, dukes are more resistant to major diseases and pests than cherries and cherries. But in order to prevent coccomycosis and monilial burn, treatment with fungicides at the beginning of flowering and immediately after it will not harm (Skor, Delan, Baylon, Topsin-M - according to the instructions).
WE CHOOSE A VARIETY OF CHERRY
Popular varieties of cherries depending on the ripening period:
ultra early: Pren Coray, Strong, Miracle cherry;
mid-early: Saratov baby, Yaroslavna's daughter, Rubinovka, Melitopol joy:
mid-season: Hodos, Spartan, Dorodnaya, Nurse, Fesanna;
mid-late: Ivanovka, Nochka, Excellent Venyaminova, Donetsk giant, Donetsk Shpanka, Nurse, Saratov baby, Torch, Miracle cherry
© Author: Ilya POLUBYATKO, Cand. agricultural sciences
Hybrids of cherries and cherries - dykes, their pollination: video
© Author: Elena KISHCHAK, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences
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In a small area, every meter counts. Is it possible to plant a hybrid of cherries and cherries (duke) in the place of a spruce removed a year ago? And does a seedlings need a pollinator if cherry of the Molodezhnaya variety, sweet cherry of the Homestead variety grow in 4-5 m, and a cherry of the Vladimirskaya variety from a neighbor? I would be grateful if you also recommend a sort of duke.
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—After eating, the soil is likely to be acidic, but prefers neutral. Therefore, I advise this place: in the spring one week prior to digging, add dolomite flour (2-3 kg per 10 sq. M).
As for pollination, cherries and cherries already growing in your and neighboring areas will quite cope with this task. The same Youth variety is a self-fertile and good pollinator for many varieties of cherries, including dykes.
And in order not to miscalculate with the choice of a seedling, focus only on varieties zoned in your region, buy in specialized, proven nurseries. I can recommend the duke of the popular Zhivitsa variety, which has established itself well in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.