Types and varieties of hawthorn (fruit and decorative) - photo + name + description
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WHAT IS THE HAWTHORN - SPECIES AND VARIETIES
The hawthorn is legendary. This is a magnificent fruit plant with fruits that are useful for the heart and immunity, and a magnificent hedge, and an ornamental shrub that landscape designers use in their projects. There are species with tiny fruits almost without pulp, and there are selected forms with fleshy tasty fruits almost the size of an apple. There are red, yellow and black hawthorns. You can't tell about all of them at once. But we'll try.
HAWTHORN: HEALING AND DELICIOUS
Hawthorn grows naturally in the Northern Hemisphere. Introduced into cultivation much later than apple and pear. It was cultivated by the tribes inhabiting the territory of Central and Western Asia, centuries. AD Most of the cultural forms of hawthorn in Western Europe and North America date back to the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries.
Glossy fruits, mostly edible, give a special charm to most hawthorns. However, there are decorative varieties, we will also say about them. Fruit yield from one bush ranges from 1 kg to 50 kg. A good yield is 5-10 kg per plant.
Infusions of flowers and fruits have long been used for hypertension, neuroses, cardiovascular diseases. Try brewing hawthorn flower tea daily for at least 3 months. You will notice that the heart and the entire circulatory system are working better. Of course, herbs are not a cure, and if you need a drug, consult your doctor and take it. But infusions of flowers and fruits, fresh fruits will also help support the body.
Collect flowers early in flowering and dry in the shade with good ventilation. Pick only ripe fruits and dry them at a temperature not exceeding 60 °.
Basically, all types of hawthorns are tall thorny shrubs or small trees up to 6 m high with rather large graceful leaves, which in autumn turn into spectacular orange-pink tones.
Hawthorn flowers are very decorative, collected in large inflorescences. Edible fruits are colored orange-yellow, pink, bright red and black. They ripen in September-October.
All hawthorns are light-requiring, but they also tolerate shading. Most of them are hardy. They have a high educational ability, give a good annual growth. Due to their strong root system, hawthorns can grow in a variety of soils, but they prefer neutral soil. Drought tolerant.
In nature, the life expectancy of plants is 200-300 years, in culture it is less. Experts know about 1250 species of hawthorns, but about 10 of them are grown in the garden.
Very often, hawthorns are used to create a dense, impenetrable hedge or as a rootstock for dwarf apple and pear trees.
Reference by topic: Large-fruited garden hawthorn - types and photos, name and description
BEST FRUIT HAWTHORNS
These include species and varieties with large tasty fruits. Of course, there are a lot of hawthorns, which, in principle, have edible fruits, but now we are talking about the fact that not all of them are suitable for growing in a particular region. For example, in most of Russia, including Siberia, the Urals and in the middle lane, species that calmly endure the harsh conditions of winter and give annual high yields are excellent. These are the views.
Hawthorn pinnate... In nature, it can be found in the Far East, China, Korea. This is a tree or a large bush up to 5 m high with a few spines up to 2 cm long. The leaves are pinnately cut, hence the name, bright green, shiny. White flowers are collected in inflorescences. Blooms in early June. The fruits are large enough - up to 1 cm in species plants, up to 5 cm in selected forms, bright red, pleasant to the taste when ripe. Ripen in September.
Arnold's hawthorn... It occurs naturally in the northeastern United States. A tree up to 10 m high, with rounded leaves. White flowers, collected in inflorescences, bloom at the end of May. Fruits are elongated, 1, 5-2 cm, orange-red with pink pulp, very pleasant to the taste. Ripen in mid-September.
1. The hawthorn is one-footed. 2. Arnold's hawthorn
Hawthorn softish... Originally from North America. This tree is up to 8-10 m high with long (up to 8 cm) spines and large (5-10 cm) ovoid leaves. Young leaves are pubescent. In autumn, the leaves turn bright yellow. White flowers with a pleasant aroma are collected in inflorescences of 10-15 pieces, rather large, up to 2 cm in diameter. Flowering - in the second half of May - early June. The fruits are bright, orange-red, pear-shaped, up to 5 cm long, with a yellow mealy pulp of a pleasant sweet and sour taste. Ripen in September and fall off quickly.
Common hawthorn, or prickly... It is most often found in gardens. Bushy tree up to 5 m high with long thorns. White flowers with a peculiar aroma are collected in inflorescences. Fruits are round, red with yellow pulp, pleasant to the taste. The harvest ripens at the end of August. Unpretentious, shade-tolerant, drought-resistant, frost-resistant. Perfectly tolerates shaping and cutting. He also has decorative forms. Read about them below.
Hawthorn blood red, or Siberian... Like the previous species, it is resistant to frost and unpretentious. Great for creating hedges. The tree or bush grows up to 6 m in height. Flowering lasts from late May to mid-June. Inflorescences are dense, large, up to 5 cm in diameter. And at the end of August, blood-red spherical fruits with yellow mealy pulp ripen.
DECORATIVE SPECIES AND FORMS OF HAWTHORN
Large spiny... The tree reaches 5-6 m in height, less often it is a shrub with an asymmetrical dense rounded crown and powerful spines up to 12 cm long. Snow-white flowers are located on long thin peduncles. The flowers are large, up to 2 cm in diameter, collected in corymbose inflorescences. Flowering occurs in May-June for 10 days.
The fruits ripen in October and there are a lot of them. These are bright red large balls that look great against the background of long-lasting foliage of yellow-red tones. The pulp of the fruit is dark yellow, fleshy, somewhat dry.
Odnopepichny... A tree with a height of 3-6 m with a crown diameter of up to 3 m. White flowers 1 cm in diameter are collected in umbellate inflorescences of 5-10 pieces. Flowering occurs in May-June. Single-pit fruits, round, dark red, edible. The pulp is greenish-yellow, mealy, tasteless. There are hybrids and decorative forms with double pink, white, red flowers (Plena, Rosea Flore Pleno, f. Albo-plena, f. Rubraplena). And also many decorative forms: for example, weeping (f. Pendula), split-leaved (f. Laciniata) with strongly dissected leaves, pink (f. Rosea) - pink petals with white stripes, crimson (f. Punicea) - dark flowers, crimson -red, pyramidal (f. stricta) - with a pyramidal crown.
1. The hawthorn is pinnate. 2. Common hawthorn. 3. The hawthorn is softish. 4. Common hawthorn Paul Scarlet.
Ordinary, decorative varieties... First of all, of course, is the Paul Scarlet variety. Decorative in May-June during the flowering period. The flowers of this variety are amazing! Bright, purple-red, terry. Tree or bush 4-6 m high, rounded crown, 3-4 m in diameter. Spines on shoots up to 2 cm long. Leaves 5-3-lobed, dark green. In the middle lane it freezes over only in severe winters, but not much.
The common hawthorn also has several decorative forms: golden (f. Aurea) - with yellow fruits, oak-leaved (f. Quercifolia) - with leaves similar to oak, two-color (f. Bicolor) - with white petals with a red border, Pauli ( f. Pauli) - flowers are dark red, double.
Spur, or "cock's spur". A tree or tall shrub up to 5-7 m high. The crown is wide, rounded, the branches often droop. The spines are long, up to 10 cm, strong, numerous. In spring, the plants are abundantly covered with white flowers, collected in large inflorescences up to 10 cm long. Bright red rounded fruits are unusually spectacular. They ripen in September and often remain on the branches until spring. Known decorative forms: thornless, willow (with narrow leaves), shiny (with glossy leaves).
See also: Growing hawthorn - planting and care, tips and reviews
HAWTHORNS FOR THE SOUTH
It has its own peculiarities, because you need to plant a species that is resistant to heat and drought. And also forms and varieties with large tasty fruits that are not hardy enough in the middle lane grow well here.
Hawthorn Poyarkova - a low tree with carved grayish leaves and yellow pear-shaped fruits. This species is very rare. But its advantages - kruhnoplodny, drought resistance - make collectors look for planting material.
This species has a yellow-fruited form of Zlat - the fruits are tasty, golden, weighing up to 4 g.
Hawthorn... Originally from the Caucasus and Central Asia. Grows on rocky mountain slopes, undemanding to soil, drought-resistant. Quite beautiful thanks to cut large gray-green leaves with pubescence. The fruits are large, yellow, tasty, ripen in September.
And here are the popular southern varieties of hawthorn.
Chinese-1 - with maroon, very large, 2-5 cm in diameter and 3-15 g in weight, however, sour fruits.
Chinese-2 - but this variety has very tasty fruits, sweet, soft, but smaller, 5-6 g. Both Chinese have no thorns, which makes harvesting easier.
Zbigniew - fruits are small, weighing 4-5 g, but very tasty, bright red, round.
Shamil - with bright red fruits weighing up to 6 g, with juicy soft pulp of excellent taste.
Canadian red - fruits are dark purple, almost black, up to 1 cm in diameter, with a juicy sweet pulp.
Large-fruited Chinese - with very large (up to 15-20 g) fruits of sweet and sour harmonious taste. It is considered one of the most delicious varieties of hawthorn.
Redflush Mao is a remarkable form, selected from seedlings of Chinese seeds at the Rossoshan Zonal Experimental Gardening Station. And although the large (10-15 g) red fruits taste sour, they contain a lot of anthocyanins, which have antioxidant properties. These berries are remarkable for their cardiovascular benefits.
In leaving, hawthorn is undemanding, and yet you need to know some nuances. For example, you only need to plant hawthorns in the sun. In the shade, the bush will grow, but a large harvest, and most importantly, fruits rich in nutrients can be obtained only in a sunny area.
Hawthorns make great hedges. The barbed wall will not let unwanted guests into the site, and will protect from looks, and from the wind. It can be planted either with a growing hedge in the rim or with a sheared hedge (that is, regularly trim the plants at the desired height, hawthorn tolerates shearing easily).
If the crop is not harvested from such a hedge, then the fruits will become an excellent food for birds in winter. And birds, in turn, will help protect your garden from insect pests.
When planting bushes separately, dig a planting hole 50 cm deep and in diameter. If you are planting a hedge, dig a trench 50 cm deep and wide. Fill with fertile soil with the addition of compost, superphosphate and ash.
Hawthorn is undemanding to watering, but responsive. Watering in the spring is especially useful, so that the fruits begin to set and begin to pour. In summer, you can water once a month.
Unfortunately, hawthorn is susceptible to diseases and pests that affect most fruit crops. Powdery mildew, rust, weevils, aphids, scale insects. Against them, it is necessary to process hawthorn plantings in the same way as other crops.
1. The hawthorn is blood-red. 2. The hawthorn is one-footed. 3. Hawthorn krupnopolyuchkovy. 4. Zbigniew. The hawthorn is one-footed. 5. Hawthorn is a large-fruited Chinese hawthorn.
Reference by topic: Hawthorn (photo) - planting and care (advice of a professional horticulturist)
HAWTHORN VARIETIES IN THE STATE REGISTER
At the moment, only 3 varieties of hawthorn are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements.
Busing. Selections of the RSAU-Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. D. Timiryazeva. This is a medium-ripening variety for technical purposes. The spines are of medium length and few. Fruits are yellow-orange, round, weighing 4 g, sweet and sour. Winter-hardy, heat-resistant, drought-resistant. Not susceptible to disease.
Timiryazevets. The variety is also a selection of the Timiryazev Academy. Medium ripening. The spines are long, abundant. Fruits are red, juicy, round, weighing 4 g. The taste is sweet and sour. Winter - and heat-resistant, drought-resistant. Resistant to pests and diseases.
Kuminov's gift. Selections FNTs them. And, V. Michurina. Medium ripening, universal use. Spines 3-5 cm long. Fruits are red with orange pulp, round, weighing about 4-5 g, good taste. Winter-hardy and drought-resistant, moderate heat-resistant. Weakly affected by diseases and pests.
TOP 5 QUESTIONS ABOUT HAWTHORN
I want to propagate a hawthorn. What is the best way to do this? A. Komarova Kaluga region
Hawthorn is not easy to propagate. It is possible by the method of grafting, but a beginner cannot be advised, since even experienced graftsmen do not always succeed in grafting hawthorns. You can sow seeds. But firstly, plants different from the mother can grow from them, and secondly, the seeds are difficult to germinate. It is recommended to stratify them in the refrigerator for 2 years and still carry out scarification. You can try and sow this way, only the germination percentage will be low. You can try this method of rooting on a tree. In the last decade of May, on a one-year growth of 15 cm in length, make a ring incision and remove the bark ring. Above it, make several longitudinal cuts in the bark. Cut the plastic bottle lengthwise and put it on the shoot with cuts, tie it with a rope, pour the soil inside. Spill over with rooting stimulant solution. To reduce the evaporation of moisture, cover the parts of the soil that are not covered with plastic with moss. In the place of contact of the cuts with the ground, roots will form by autumn. The escape can be cut and planted in a permanent place.
The hawthorn hedge was bare from below. Is there any way to fix this with cropping? Yu. Latypova Moscow region
To keep the hedge from exposing, it is necessary to prune every year. And for the first time planted 1 - 2-year-old seedlings, too, cut low, then shoots will go from the dormant buds, and the lower part will initially form lush. If the hawthorn plants in your hedge are mature, radical pruning is dangerous. Cut at a height of 20-30 cm - it is imperative to carry out a full-fledged feeding and processing - with an anti-stress drug. In addition, these plants must be well lit. A hedge growing in shade is unlikely to grow back. And old bushes, too, may not find the strength to build up the aboveground part. In this case, you will have to plant again with young plants. But you can still try to put the fence in order. Just do not cut the bushes at a height of 1 m, because in this case, the growth of new shoots will go from this level. You need to trim low. Then from the sleeping buds, from the buds in the axils of the leaves and from the roots, new shoots will grow. This pruning - 20 cm - is called stump pruning.
Is hawthorn useful for everyone? Or are there any contraindications? D. Molchanova, Tambov
Hawthorn not only strengthens blood vessels and has a beneficial effect on cardiac activity. It is recommended for strengthening the immune system, lowering cholesterol levels. Decoctions and infusions help with colds. In general, it is useful to everyone. Is that not worth eating a lot of hawthorn fruits, and even more so drinking infusions or decoctions for pregnant and lactating women. Or allergy sufferers who have noticed the negative effects of hawthorn fruit on their body.
Are hawthorns without thorns? M. Fedenko, Oryol
At a young age, hawthorns may not have thorns. They appear later. Also grows in response to pruning. But adult plants always have thorns. Unless it's some amazing hybrid, one of a kind.
By the way, the hawthorn has thorns, not thorns. Spines are modified shoots, leaves, or stipules. Thorns are outgrowths of the epidermis (outer tissue), they are formed not only on shoots, but also on leaves or petioles, as, for example, in raspberries or roses.
Is there a black hawthorn? Or is it simply confused with chokeberry? V. Osipov St. Petersburg
Yes, there are such types. In Russia, there are 4 of them: five-pistil hawthorn, Caucasian, green-meat and Maksimovich. The hawthorn is found in the Crimea, the Caucasus, Ukraine. Its other names are Colchis, black-fruited, five-columnar, Klokova. Black fruits with a diameter of only 1 cm, very little pulp, mostly "skin and bones", ripen in August-September. The well-known hybrids of this hawthorn are Lambert's hawthorn (five-footed x blood-red) and winter (five-footed x "cock's spur"). The first hybrid is used for medicinal purposes.
Hawthorn Caucasian native to Transcaucasia. Fruits are black-purple with yellow pulp. Ripen in October. Green-meat hawthorn is found in nature in the Primorsky Territory, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and Japan. The fruits are black with a waxy bloom and green pulp. This type is often used by landscape designers to decorate gardens. Hawthorn Maksimovich is native to Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The fruits are not black, but dark red. Ripen in August-September.
Reference by topic: Growing hawthorn in the garden and its useful properties
HAWTHORN PLANT - VIDEO WITH DESCRIPTION
© Author: A. SAVELOVA, collector
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