THE MOST FROST-RESISTANT PLUMS - CANADIAN PLUM AND USSURIAN PLUM

The basis of the assortment of plums in the south of Russia, in the Central Black Earth regions and the Central region are varieties of domestic plums. As we move east - in the Urals, in the Altai Territory, Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Far East - varieties obtained with the participation of the Ussuri plum, as well as Canadian and American plum, prevail. These are donors of winter hardiness.

PLUM CANADIAN

After the Ussuri plum, the Canadian plum is the most frost-resistant. It is also characterized by precocity, drought resistance, high yield and much later flowering than the Ussuri plum. Late flowering of the Canadian plum is associated with a deep and long dormant period, which allows its generative buds to better endure the winter alternation of thaws with frosts, as well as spring frosts.

American plum on the North American continent occupies a vast region, passing through the entire territory of the United States and part of Canada (about 200 varieties of this species are known). And the Canadian plum, a subspecies of the American plum, is located in more northern territories, growing mainly in Canada. This is one of the most winter-hardy species, and it is used in the selection of plum varieties for the cold regions of Russia.

In the province of Saskatchewan, which is part of the Canadian prairie zone, the northern border of the range runs near the 54th parallel of northern latitude, the southern border enters the United States, the states of North Dakota and South Dakota. Here, the range of the Canadian plum is combined with the range of the American plum, which leads to the emergence of hybrid forms between these fairly close species and varieties.

The greatest contribution to the creation of varieties with the participation of Canadian and American plums was made by breeders L. Burbank, N. E. Ganzen, and V. Kh. Alderman. Canadian and American plums have been used both in pure form and in crosses with other species, especially Chinese plum and its variety Simon plum. Santa Rosa has long held a leading position in the US plum assortment. Some of the resulting varieties, having a complex hybrid nature (Shiro, Lacrescent), turned out to be good initial forms and were widely used in breeding not only in the USA, but also in other countries.

The Canadian plum was first brought to Russia by seeds in 1912 by the agronomist I. M. Karzin in the Omsk region. The plants that grew out of them turned out to be not a pure Canadian plum, but a hybrid with an American one. The population of these hybrids was called Karzinskaya plum, under which it began to spread in Siberia.

In 1936-1938 M.N. Salamatov brought seeds of Canadian plum to the Chelyabinsk Experimental Station (now YuUNIIPOK), on the basis of which promising forms and varieties were bred: Dark Crimson, Harvest, Chelyabinsk winter-hardy, 19-35-56, 19-28-10 / 11 and etc.

Subsequently, on the basis of the Canadian and Karzin plums, other breeders obtained varieties and promising forms that spread in the steppe regions of Western Siberia, Northern Kazakhstan and the Urals: A. A. Gudzenko in Karaganda - Dolinskaya weeping, Dolinskaya ruddy, Dolinskaya heart-shaped; N. I. Gvozdyukova at the Sverdlovsk experimental station - Hungarian Ural;

G. K. Renard and A. D. Kizyurin in Omsk - selected forms; A. S. Kondrashin in Kurgan - Komsomolskaya Pravda, Oh, what. However, the fruits of all these varieties are of poor or mediocre taste. Breeders crossed them with varieties of Chinese and Ussuri plums, which have fruits of higher quality, and received the following group of varieties: A. A. Gudzenko - Dolinskaya beauty, Dolinskaya cherry; Seaside experimental station - General and Holiday; Department of Horticulture DalNIISH - Amur Rose; YUUNII PO K - Aylinskaya. The variety Amur rose is of high quality and large capacity (up to 50 g).

In European Russia, Canadian and American plums were most used in breeding by H.K. Enikeev (VTISP, Moscow) and A.N. Benyaminov (Voronezh Agricultural Institute). Breeder A. N. Benyaminov created the variety Elegant, but the most valuable forms were obtained by him from the hybridization of American varieties with domestic plum: Eurasia No. 1, Eurasia No. 2, Eurasia No. 3 - Ochakovskaya yellow x Vaneta; Eurasia 43, Eurasia 21 (Lacresent x plum pollen mix). Eurasia 43 is a good seed rootstock for plum, and Eurasia 21 is widely distributed in the Central Black Earth region.

In Russia, the most large-scale breeding work using Canadian, American and Ussuri plums was carried out by V. S. Putov, first in Chemal (Republic of Altai), and then in Barnaul. Subsequently, M. N. Matyunin and I. A. Puchkin joined this work. Among the seedlings of Karzinskaya plum, V. S. Putov selected the varieties Fluffy, Goozdevaya, Rumyanaya, Znamyonnaya and Stepnyachka. A large collection of varieties with the participation of American species has been collected.

From domestic - the above varieties of M. N. Salamatova, as well as Amur rose, Smart, Eurasia 21, Eurasia 43, etc. From North American - Assiniboine, Bounty, Dandy, / Oteka, Goldbey; hybrids obtained from direct and back crossings of these species with Chinese plum and its variety Simon plum - Cohinta, Vaneta, Toka, Kara, Graces, Prairie, Aste, Pembina, Fibing, Lacrescent. Most of them in Altai turned out to be non-hardy. Of the Canadian plum varieties, Dropmore Blue is the most resistant to frost.

Of the group of Chinese-American varieties, Pembina, Aste, Vaneta are the most winter-hardy. In addition, the fruits of these varieties are large-fruited, with a strong skin and beautifully colored. The best initial form, producing seedlings with high fruit quality, was the variety Vaneta.

Promising varieties with the participation of the Canadian plum: Kuyashskaya (with red fruits weighing 23-25 ​​g, with yellow pulp of a good sweet and sour taste, blooms simultaneously with the Ussuri plum and is pollinated by it), Seligran (dark red fruits with a dense wax coating, weighing 20 g, with dark yellow juicy pulp of good fresh-sweet taste), Hungarian Ural (with dark red fruits with a slight wax coating, weighing 20-25 g, amber pulp of sweet taste).

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See also: Protection of plums from drying out by the example of the Ussuriysk plum (Novosibirsk)

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PLUM USSURI

The fast-growing and fruitful Ussuri plum has beautiful and very sweet fruits, sometimes with an apricot flavor, fragrant. Their color is very different - golden yellow, greenish, dark red, burgundy, purple.

The highly winter-resistant Ussuri plum can withstand frosts up to 50 °, and after such severe winters it blooms well and produces fruit. However, it is important to understand that such frost resistance is possible with a gradual decrease in temperature and a stable winter. If there are thaws, the Ussuri plum can leave the dormant period, the kidneys will wake up and die if the cold returns.

Another danger is damage to flower buds, which wake up early, with return frosts. It is good that the flowering of the Ussuri plum is stretched. It turns out that some of the flower buds will suffer, and some will not, since flowering will begin later and the harvest will still be. By the way, this species also has such a feature - the tree lays a huge number of flower buds, much more than, for example, a domestic plum, so it’s not a pity to lose some of these buds.

Ussuri plum is prone to warming the root collar. There is only one way out: plant a variety on a stem former that is not subject to warming. This, for example, is a turn or hybrids with the participation of the Canadian plum Eurasia 21 and Eurasia 43. It will not be superfluous to mention that it is better to select varieties that are bred specifically for your region. In this case, the trees are more resistant to different features of the region. For example, damping off threatens plums in the Central region, where winters are unstable, and here it is better to plant the Red Ball and Skoroplodnaya varieties, which rarely suffer from damping off.

Since it may be difficult to cross-pollinate, and the Ussuri plum is self-fertile and does not pollinate at home, plant at least 2 varieties or a hybrid cherry plum nearby - it will serve as a pollinator.

Varieties with the participation of the Ussuri plum for different regions of Russia: for the Central region - Skoroplodnaya, Krasny shar (VTISP, Moscow), for the Central Black Earth region - Alyonushka, Krasa Orlovshchina, Beautiful Vecha, Nezhenka, Orlovsky souvenir, Orlovskaya dream (VNIISPK, Moscow). Orel), for the Ural region - Testament, Pionerka, Cooperation, Krasnoselskaya (SSSS, Yekaterinburg), for the West Siberian and East Siberian regions - Goryanka, Frosya, Ksenia, In Memory of Putov, Timoshka, Chemalskaya blue (VNIIS Siberia named after A. M. A. Lisavenko, Barnaul), for the Far East region - Gift to Primorye, Early Dawn, Pacific, Early Khabarovsk (Far Eastern OTKZ Research Institute of Agriculture, Khabarovsk Territory).

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Reference by topic: Belarusian plum varieties - photo, name and description

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FROST-RESISTANT (FROST-RESISTANT) PLUM VARIETIES - VIDEO

© Author: A. PETRENKO, agronomist

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